Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Spring and Autumn period)

This is a family tree of Chinese monarchs during the Spring and Autumn period.

Family tree of Chinese monarchs


Spring and Autumn period

The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 770 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC[a])[2] which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BCE, which tradition associates with Confucius (551–479 BCE).

Jin

Jin state
Emperor Ku 嚳
Houji 后稷
Buzhu 不窋
Ju 鞠
Gongliu 公劉
Qingjie 慶節
Huangpu 皇僕
Chaifu 差弗
Huiyu 毀渝
Gongfei 公非
Gaoyu 高圉
Yayu 亞圉
Gongshu Zulei
公叔祖類
Duke Zulei of Shu
Tai of Zhou 周太王
Jili 季歷Wu Taibo 吳太伯Zhongyong 仲雍
Wen of Zhou
周文王
1152-1099
–1050–1056BC		State of Wu
Wu of Zhou 武王
?–(1050–)1046
–1043 BC
Cheng of Zhou
周成王
1042–1021 BC		Shu Yu of Tang
唐叔虞
1042–? BCE
Kang of Zhou
周康王
1021–996 BC		Xie of Jin
晉侯燮
Zhou
dynasty		Wu of Jin
晉武侯
Cheng of Jin
晉成侯
Li of Jin 晉厲侯
 ?–859 BC
Jing of Jin 晉靖侯
858–841 BC
Xi of Jin 晉釐侯
841–823 BC		Boqiao 伯僑
Xian of Jin 晉獻侯
823–812 BC		□
Mu of Jin 晉穆侯
812–785 BC		Shang Shu 晉殤叔
785–781BC		Tu 突
Wen of Jin 晉文侯
780–746 BC		Huan Shu of Quwo
曲沃桓叔
745–731 BC
Zhao of Jin 晉昭侯
745–739BC		Zhuang Bo of Quwo
曲沃莊伯
731–716 BCE		Wuzi of Han
韩武子
Xiao of Jin 晉孝侯
739–724 BC		Wu of Quwo
and Jin
曲沃(晉)武公
679–677 BC		Qiubo of Han
韓赇伯
E of Jin 晉鄂侯
724–718 BC		Xian of Jin 晉獻公
676–651 BC		Hán Jiǎn
韓简
Ai of Jin 晉哀侯
717–709 BC		Min of Jin 晉侯緡
704–678 BCE		Shensheng 申生
d. 655 BC		Wen of Jin 重耳
697–636–628 BC		Hui of Jin
晉惠公
650–637 BC		Xiqi of Jin
奚齊
665–651 BC		Zhuozi of Jin
卓子
d. 651		Ziyu
子舆
Xiaozi of Jin
晉小子侯
708–705 BC		Xiang of Jin
晋襄公
627–621 BC		Cheng of Jin
晋成公
606–600 BC		Huai of Jin
晉懷公
637 BC		Xianzi of Han
韩献子
Ling of Jin 晋灵公
620–607 BC		Jie
桓叔捷		Jing of Jin 晋景公
599–581 BC		State of Han
Tan
惠伯談		Li of Jin 晋厉公
580–573 BC
Dao of Jin 晉悼公
586–573-558 BC
Ping of Jin 晋平公
557–532 BC
Zhao of Jin 晋昭公
531–526 BC
Qing of Jin 晉頃公
525–512 BC		戴子雍
Ding of Jin 晉定公
511–475 BC		Ji
忌
Chu of Jin 晉出公
474–452 BC		Jing of Jin 晉敬公
451–434 BC
You of Jin 晉幽公
433–416 BC
Lie of Jin 晉烈公
415–389 BC
Huan of Jin 晉桓公
388–369 BC
Jing of Jin 晉靜公
356–349 BC(?)

Lu

Lu state
Three Huan
Duke of Zhou
周公旦
Bo Qin
伯禽
Duke Kao
鲁考公		Duke Yang
鲁炀公
Duke You
鲁幽公		Duke Wei
鲁魏公
Duke Li
鲁厉公		Duke Xian
鲁献公
Duke Zhen
鲁真公
?-855-825BC		Duke Wu
鲁武公
?-825-816BC
括Duke Yi
鲁懿公
?-816-807BC		Duke Xiao
鲁孝公
?-796-769BC
Bo Yu
伯御
?-807-796BC		Duke Hui
鲁惠公
?-769-723BC		公子益师
衆氏
?-722BC		公子展
展氏		郈惠伯
郈氏		公子彄
臧孙氏
?-718BC
Duke Yin
鲁隐公
?-723-712BC		Duke Huan
鲁桓公
?-712-694BC		施父
施氏
Qingfu
庆父
孟孙氏
?-660BC		Duke Zhuang
鲁莊公
706-694-662BC		Shuya
叔牙
叔孙氏
?-662BC		Jiyou
季友
季孙氏
?-644BC
Zi Ban
子般
?-662BC		Duke Xi
鲁僖公
?-660-627BC		Duke Min
鲁闵公
670-662-660BC		公子遂
东门氏
?-601BC
Duke Wen
鲁文公
?-627-609BC
恶
?-609BC		视
?-609BC		Duke Xuan
鲁宣公
?-609-591BC		叔肹
子叔氏
?-592BC
Duke Cheng
鲁成公
?-591-573BC		公子偃
?-575BC		公子鉏
Duke Xiang
鲁襄公
575-573-542BC		公衡
Zi Ye
子野
?-542BC		Duke Zhao
鲁昭公
560-542-510BC		Duke Ding
鲁定公
?-510-495BC
公衍公为
?-484		公果公贲Duke Ai
鲁哀公
?-495-468BC
Duke Dao
鲁悼公
?-468-437BC		公子荆孺子𪏆
Duke Yuan
鲁元公
?-437-416BC
Duke Mu
鲁穆公
?-416-383BC
Duke Gong
鲁共公
?-383-353BC
Duke Kang
鲁康公
?-353-344BC
Duke Jing
鲁景公
?-344-323BC
Duke Ping
鲁平公
?-323-303BC
Duke Wen
鲁文公
?-303-280BC
Duke Qing
鲁顷公
?-280-256-249BC


Song

Song state
(1) Weizi
微子啟		(2) Weizhong
微仲
□(3) Ji
宋公稽
腯(4) Duke Ding
宋丁公
(5) Duke Min I
宋湣公		(6) Duke Yang
宋炀公
弗父何(7) Duke Li
宋厉公
(8) Duke Xi
宋僖公
?-859-831BC
(9) Duke Hui
宋惠公
?-831-801BC
(10) Duke Ai
宋哀公
?-801-800BC
(11) Duke Dai
宋戴公
?-800-766BC
(12) Duke Wu
宋武公
?-766-748BC		好父说乐父衎皇父充石□
老氏
(13) Duke Xuan
宋宣公
?-748-729BC		(14) Duke Mu
宋穆公
?-729-720BC		华父督
(15) Duke Shang
宋殇公
?-720-710BC		(16) Duke Zhuang
宋庄公
?-710-692BC		左师勃
(18) Ziyou
子游
?-682BC		(17) Duke Min II
宋闵公
?-692-682BC		(19) Duke Huan I
宋桓公
?-682-651BC		右师戊
仲氏		公子成□
子鱼(20) Duke Xiang
宋襄公
?-651-637BC		公子荡公子鳞向父肹公孙固
?-620BC
(21) Duke Cheng
宋成公
?-637-620BC		(22) Yu
禦
?-620BC		□□
(23) Duke Zhao I
宋昭公
?-620-611BC		(24) Duke Wen
宋文公
?-611-589BC		公子卬
?-619BC		母弟须
?-609BC		孔叔
?-619BC		公孙钟离
?-619BC
(25) Duke Gong
宋共公
?-589-576BC		公子围龟
灵氏
?-586BC		公子肥
?-576BC
(26) Duke Ping
宋平公
?-576-532BC		褚师段
石氏
太子痤
?-547BC		(27) Duke Yuan
宋元公
?-532-517BC		公子城公子御戎
边氏
?-522BC
(28) Duke Jing
宋景公
?-517-469BC		公子地母弟辰公子褍秦
公孙周
(30) Duke Zhao II
宋昭公
?-469-404BC		(29) Qi
启
?-469BC-?
(31) Duke Dao
宋悼公
?-404-385BC		(34) Lord Ticheng
宋剔成君
?-356-329-?		(35) Yan
宋康王
?-329-286BC-?
(32) Duke Xiu
宋休公
?-385-363BC
(33) Duke Huan II
宋桓公
?-363-356BC


Wey

Wey state
adoption
unknown descent
(1) Kang Shu
卫康叔
(2) Count Kang
卫康伯
(3) Count Kao
卫考伯
(4) Count Si
卫嗣伯
(5) Count Zhi
衞摯伯
(6) Count Jing
卫靖伯
(7) Count Zhen
卫贞伯		□
(8) Marquis Qing
卫顷侯
?- 867- 855 BC		Shi Que
石碏
Shi clan
石氏
(9) Marquis Xi
卫僖侯
?- 855- 813 BC
(10) Count Gong
卫共伯
?- 813 BC BC		(11) Duke Wu
卫武公
852- 813- 758 BC
(12) Duke Zhuang I
卫庄公
?- 758- 735 BC		Huisun
惠孙
Sun clan
孙氏		Jiwei
季亹
Ning clan
甯氏
Count Xiao
孝伯		(13) Duke Huan
卫桓公
?- 735- 719 BC		(14) Zhou Yu
州吁
?- 719 BC		(15) Duke Xuan
卫宣公
?- 719- 700 BC		Yougongzi Zhi[i][ii]
右公子职
?- 688 BC		Zuogongzi Xie[i][iii]
左公子泄
?- 688 BC
Viscount Ji
急子
?- 701 BC		(17) Gongzi Qianmou[i]
公子黔牟
?- 696- 688 BC		Count Zhao
昭伯		Viscount Shou
寿子
?- 701 BC		(16) Duke Hui
卫惠公
714- 700- 696- 688- 669 BC
Viscount Qi
齐子		(19) Duke Dai
卫戴公
?- 660 BC		(20) Duke Wen
卫文公
?- 660- 635 BC		(18) Duke Yi
卫懿公
?- 669- 660 BC
□
Qi clan
齐氏		(21) Duke Cheng
卫成公
?- 635- 632- 630- 600 BC		Shu Wu
叔武
?- 632 BC		(22) Gongzi He[i]
公子瑕
?- 632- 630 BC		Ziyi
子仪
?- 630 BC
(23) Duke Mu
卫穆公
?- 600- 589 BC		Viscount Qing
顷子
Beigong clan
北宫氏
(24) Duke Ding
卫定公
?- 589- 577 BC		Zishu Heibei
子叔黑背
(25) Duke Xian
卫献公
?- 577- 559- 547- 544 BC		Gongzi Zhuan[i]
公子鱄		Viscount Zhan
子展		(26) Duke Shang
卫殇公
?- 559- 547 BC		□
(27) Duke Xiang
卫襄公
?- 544- 535 BC		Dang, Viscount of Cheng
成子当
Gongshu clan
公叔氏		Gongzi Jing[i]
公子荆		Taizi Jiao[iv]
太子角
?- 547 BC		Xi Zhuchu
析朱鉏
Xi clan
析氏
Gongmeng Zhi
公孟絷
?- 522 BC
Gongmeng clan
公孟氏		(28) Duke Ling
卫灵公
540- 535- 493 BC		□
Gongmeng Kou
公孟彄		(30) Duke Zhuang II
卫庄公
?- 479- 478 BC		(32) Gongzi Qi[i]
公子起
?- 478- 477 BC-?		(33) Duke Dao
卫悼公
?- 456- 451 BC		Gongzi Ying[i]
公子郢
Nan clan
南氏		(31) Gongsun Banshi[v]
公孙斑师
?- 478 BC-?
(29) Duke Chu
卫出公
?- 493- 480- 477- 456 BC		Taizi Ji[iv]
太子疾
?- 478 BC		Gongzi Qing[i]
公子青
?- 478 BC		(34) Duke Jing
卫敬公
?- 451- 432 BC		Gongsun Mimou[v]
公孙弥牟		Sikou Huizi
司寇惠子
Sikou clan
司寇氏
(35) Duke Zhao
卫昭公
?- 432- 426 BC		Gongzi Shi[i]
公子适		Jianzi He
简子瑕		Hu
虎
(36) Duke Huai
卫怀公
?- 426- 415 BC		(37) Duke Shen
卫慎公
?- 415- 383 BC
(38) Duke Sheng
卫声公
?- 383- 372 BC
(39) Marquis Cheng
卫成侯
?- 372- 343 BC
(40) Marquis Ping
卫平侯
?- 343- 335 BC
(41) Lord Si
卫嗣君
?- 335- 293 BC
(42) Lord Huai
卫怀君
?- 293- 252 BC		(43) Lord Yuan
卫元君
?- 252- 242 BC		(44) Jiao
卫君角
?- 242- 209 BC
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gōngzǐ (Chinese: 公子; lit. 'The Lord's Son') is a title attached to the sons of a ruler.
  2. ^ Yòugōngzǐ (Chinese: 右公子; lit. 'The Lord's Son of the Right') indicates the title holder being a son of a ruler.
  3. ^ Zuǒgōngzǐ (Chinese: 左公子; lit. 'The Lord's Son of the Left') indicates the title holder being a son of a ruler.
  4. ^ a b Tàizǐ (Chinese: 太子; lit. 'The (Lord's) Heir Apparent') indicates the title holder being the eldest son of a ruler.
  5. ^ a b Gōngsūn (Chinese: 公孙; lit. 'The Lord's Grandson') is a title attached to the paternal grandsons of a ruler. In two instances above, Gongsun Banshi was a grandson of Duke Xiang, while Gongsun Mimou was a grandson of Duke Ling. If a person was also a son of a ruler, the title Gōngzǐ (公子) was used instead.

Zheng

Zheng state
Seven Mu
Duke Huan of Zheng
郑桓公
806-771BC
Duke Wu of Zheng
郑武公
770-744BC
Duke Zhuang of Zheng
郑庄公
757-743-701BC		Gongshu Duan
共叔段
Duke Zhao of Zheng
郑昭公
700
696-695BC		Duke Li of Zheng
郑厉公
700-697
679-673BC		Zheng-zi Wei
鄭子亹
694BC		Zheng-zi Ying
鄭子嬰
693-680BC		子人
Duke Wen of Zheng
郑文公
672-628BC		叔詹
太子华Duke Mu of Zheng
郑穆公
627-606BC		子臧公子士公子瑕子俞弥
Duke Ling of Zheng
郑灵公
605BC		Duke Xiang of Zheng
郑襄公
604-587BC		子良子游子罕子驷子国子孔
孔氏		子印子丰士子孔
大季氏		子然子羽
Duke Dao of Zheng
郑悼公
586-585BC		Prince Xu of Zheng
公子繻
581BC		Duke Cheng of Zheng
郑成公
584-571BC		Zichan
Duke Xi of Zheng
郑僖公
570-566BC
Duke Jian of Zheng
郑简公
570-565-530BC
Duke Ding of Zheng
郑定公
529-514BC
Duke Xian of Zheng
郑献公
513-501BC
Duke Sheng of Zheng
郑声公
500-463BC		Duke Gong of Zheng
郑共公
455-424BC
Duke Ai of Zheng
郑哀公
462-455BC		Duke You of Zheng
郑幽公
423BC		Duke Kang of Zheng
郑康公
395-375BC
Duke Xu of Zheng
郑繻公
422-396BC


Cai


Cai state rulers
Shu Du of Cai
蔡叔度
Ruler of Cai
1046 BC – ?
Ji Hu 姬胡
Zhong Hu of Cai
蔡仲
Ruler of Cai
Ji Huang 姬荒
Earl Huang of Cai
蔡伯荒
Ruler of Cai
Marquis Gōng
of Cai 蔡宫侯
Ruler of Cai
Marquis Li of Cai
蔡厉侯
Ruler of Cai
?–863 BC
Wu of Cai
蔡武侯
Marquis of Cai
?–864–838 BC
Yi of Cai
蔡夷侯
Marquis of Cai
?–838–810 BC
Ji Suǒshi 姬所事
Xi of Cai
蔡僖侯
Marquis of Cai
?–810–762 BC
Ji Xīng 姬興
Gòng of Cai
蔡共侯
Marquis of Cai
?–762–760 BC
Dai of Cai
蔡戴侯
Marquis of Cai
?–760–750 BC
Ji Cuòfu 姬措父
Xuan of Cai
蔡宣侯
Marquis of Cai
?–750–715 BC
Jī Fēngrén 姫封人
Huan of Cai
蔡桓侯
Marquis of Cai
?–715–695 BC		 Jī Xiànwǔ 姫獻舞
Ai of Cai
蔡哀侯
Marquis of Cai
?–695–675 BC
Jī Xì 姬肸
Mu of Cai
蔡穆侯
Marquis of Cai
?–675–646 BC
Jī Jiǎwǔ 姬甲午
Zhuang of Cai
蔡庄侯
Marquis of Cai
?–646–612 BC
Jī Shēn 姬申
Wen of Cai
蔡文侯
Marquis of Cai
?–612–592 BC		 Ducal Son
Prince Xiè
公子燮
?–553 BC		 Ducal Son
Prince Lǚ
公子履
Jī Gù 姬固
Jing of Cai
蔡景侯
Marquis of Cai
?–592–543 BC
Jī Bān 姬般
Ling of Cai
蔡灵侯
Marquis of Cai
?–543–531 BC
隐太子
?–530 BC
Jī Lú 姬廬
Ping of Cai
蔡平侯
Marquis of Cai
?–530–522 BC		 Jī Dōngguó 姬東國
Dao of Cai
蔡悼侯
Marquis of Cai
?–522–519 BC		 Jī Shēn 姬申
Zhao of Cai
蔡昭侯
Marquis of Cai
?–519–491 BC
Marquis Zhūof Cai 蔡侯朱
Marquis of Cai
?–522–? BC		 Jī Shuò 姬朔
Cheng of Cai
蔡成侯
Marquis of Cai
?–491–472 BC		 Yuán
元		 Gān 乾
Jī Chuǎn 姬産
Sheng of Cai
蔡声侯
Marquis of Cai
?–472–457 BC
Yuan of Cai
蔡元侯
Marquis of Cai
?–457–451 BC
Jī Qí 姬齊
Qi of Cai
蔡侯齐
Marquis of Cai
?–451–447 BC


Cao

Cao state
Cao Shu Zhenduo
曹叔振铎
Count Tai of Cao
曹太伯
Lord Zhong of Cao
曹仲君
Count Gong of Cao
曹宫伯
Count Xiao of Cao
曹孝伯
Count Yi of Cao
曹夷伯
?-865-835BC		Count You of Cao
曹幽伯
?-835-826BC		Count Dai of Cao
曹戴伯
?-826-796BC
Count Hui of Cao
曹惠伯
?-795-760BC
Count Fei of Cao
石甫
?-760BC		Duke Mu of Cao
曹缪公
?-760-757BC
Duke Huan of Cao
曹桓公
?-757-702BC
Duke Zhuang of Cao
曹庄公
?-702-671BC
曹羁Duke Li of Cao
曹僖公
?-671-662BC
Duke Zhao of Cao
曹昭公
?-662-653BC
Duke Gong of Cao
曹共公
?-653-618BC
Duke Wen of Cao
曹文公
?-618-595BC
Duke Xuan of Cao
曹宣公
?-595-578BC
太子Duke Cheng of Cao
曹成公
?-578-555BC		公子欣时
Duke Wu of Cao
曹武公
?-555-528BC		公孙会
Duke Ping of Cao
曹平公
?-528-524BC		Duke Yin of Cao
曹隐公
?-510-506BC
Duke Dao of Cao
曹悼公
?-524-515BC		Duke Sheng of Cao
曹声公
?-515-510BC		Duke Jing of Cao
曹靖公
?-506-502BC
Cao Bo yang
曹伯阳
?-502-487BC


Chen

Chen state
(1)Duke Hu
胡公滿
1071-1045-986
(2)Duke Shēn
陈申公
犀侯
？-985-961BC		(3)Duke Xiang
陈相公
皋羊
？-960-939
(4)Duke Xiao
陈孝公
突
？-938-905BC
(5)Duke Shèn
陈慎公
圉戎
？-904-855BC
(6)Duke You
陈幽公
寧
?-854-832BC
(7)Duke Xi
陈僖公
孝
?-832-796BC
(8)Duke Wu
陈武公
靈
?-796-781BC		□
(9)Duke Yi
陈夷公
说
?-781-778BC		(10)Duke Ping
陈平公
燮
?-778-755BC		鍼子
(11)Duke Wen
陈文公
圉
?-755-745BC
(12)Duke Huan
陈桓公
鮑
754-745-707BC		(13)Chen Tuo
陈佗
754-707BC
免
?-707BC		(14)Duke Li
陈厉公
躍
?-707-700BC		□
庆氏
(15)Duke Zhuang
陈庄公
林
?-700-693BC		Chen Wanm
完
706BC-?
Tian Qi		(16)Duke Xuan
陈宣公
杵臼
?-693-648BC
御寇
?-672BC		(17)Duke Mu
陈穆公
款
?-648-632BC		少西
夏氏		□
宗氏
(18)Duke Gong
陈共公
朔
?-632-614BC		御叔
(19)Duke Ling
陈灵公
平國
?-614-599BC		(20)Xia Zhengshu
夏徵舒
?-599BC
(21)Duke Cheng
陈成公
午
?-599-569BC
(22)Duke Ai
陈哀公
弱
?-569-534BC		黃招]]过
？-534BC
偃師
?-534BC		(23)Prince Liu
留
?-534BC-?		胜□
(24)Duke Hui
陈惠公
吳
?-529-506BC		貞子
(25)Duke Huai
陈怀公
柳
?-506-502BC-?
(26)Duke Min
陈闵公
越
?-502-478BC


Wu

State of Wu
Tai
King of Zhou
周太王
(1)Taibo
太伯		(2) Zhongyong
仲雍		Jili
King of Zhou
季歷
(3)Jijian
季简		Chang 昌
Wen of Zhou
周文王
1099–1152BC
–1056-1050
(4)Shuda
叔达		Wu of Zhou
?–1046–1043BC
(5)Zhouzhang
周章		Yuzhong
虞仲
State of Yu
虞国		Zhou dynasty
(6)Xiongsui
熊遂
(7)Kexiang
柯相
(8)Qiangjiuyi
彊鳩夷
(9)Yuqiaoyiwu
餘橋疑吾
(10)Kelu
柯卢
(11) Zhouyao
周繇
(12) Quyu
屈羽
(13) Yiwu
夷吾
(14) Qinchu
禽处
(15) Zhuan
转
(16)Pogao
颇高
(17) Goubei
句卑
(18) Quqi
去齐
(19) Shoumeng
寿梦
?–586–561 BC
(23)Liao
僚
?–527–515 BC		Jueyou
蹶由		(20) Zhufan
诸樊
?–561–548 BC		(21) Yuji
余祭
?–548–531 BC		(22) Yumei
餘昧
?–531–527 BC		Yanyu
掩余		Zhuyong
烛庸		Jizha
季札
Crown Prince
Zhufan
太子诸樊		Qingji
庆忌		Tong
通		(23) Helü
阖闾
?–515–496 BC		Fugai
夫概
?–505 BC-?		Cheng
逞
Zhonglei
终累		(24) Fuchai
夫差
?–496–473 BC		Zishan
子山
Crown Prince You
太子友		Prince Gucao
王子姑曹		Prince Di
王子地


Notes

  1. ^ The Partition of Jin, the watershed between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods took several decades, thus there is some debate between scholars as to the exact date. 481 BCE, 475 BC, and 468 BC are other common dates selected by historians.[1]

References

  1. ^ Kiser & Cai 2003.
  2. ^ Hsu 1990, p. 547.

Sources

  • Kiser, Edgar; Cai, Young (2003), "War and bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an anomalous case", American Sociological Review, 68 (4): 511–39, doi:10.2307/1519737, JSTOR 1519737
  • Hsu, Cho-yun (1990), "The Spring and Autumn Period", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L (eds.), The Cambridge history of ancient China: from the origins of civilization to 221 BC, Cambridge University Press, pp. 545–86, ISBN 9780521470308
  • Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1934). The Chinese: their history and culture. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  • Victor H. Mair; Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt; Paul Rakita Goldin (2005). Victor H. Mair; Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt; Paul Rakita Goldin (eds.). Hawai'i reader in traditional Chinese culture (illustrated ed.). University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824827856. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
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