Erbium(III) chloride

Erbium(III) chloride
Names
	IUPAC name Erbium(III) chloride
	Other names Erbium trichloride
Identifiers
CAS Number	10138-41-7 (anhydrous) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	59656 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.337
EC Number	233-385-0;
PubChem CID	66277;
UNII	867J5QOF46 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5064966 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/3ClH.Er/h31H;/q;;;+3/p-3 Key: HDGGAKOVUDZYES-UHFFFAOYSA-K ; InChI=1/3ClH.Er/h31H;/q;;;+3/p-3 Key: HDGGAKOVUDZYES-DFZHHIFOAE;
	SMILES Cl[Er](Cl)Cl;
Properties
Chemical formula	ErCl3 (anhydrous); ErCl3·6H2O (hexahydrate)
Molar mass	273.62 g/mol (anhydrous); 381.71 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance	violet hygroscopic monoclinic crystals (anhydrous); pink hygroscopic crystals (hexahydrate)
Density	4.1 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
Melting point	776 °C (1,429 °F; 1,049 K) (anhydrous); decomposes (hexahydrate)
Boiling point	1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K)
Solubility in water	soluble in water (anhydrous); slightly soluble in ethanol (hexahydrate)
Structure
Crystal structure	monoclinic
Space group	C2/m, No. 12
Lattice constant	a = 6.80 Å, b = 11.79 Å, c = 6.39 Å α = 90°, β = 110.7°, γ = 90°
Lattice volume (V)	479 Å3
Formula units (Z)	4
Related compounds
Other anions	Erbium(III) oxide
Other cations	Holmium(III) chloride, Thulium(III) chloride
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Erbium(III) chloride is a violet solid with the formula ErCl₃. It is used in the preparation of erbium metal.

Preparation

Anhydrous erbium(III) chloride can be produced by the ammonium chloride route.^[3]^[4]^[5] In the first step, erbium(III) oxide is heated with ammonium chloride to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride:

Er₂O₃ + 10 [NH₄]Cl → 2 [NH₄]₂ErCl₅ + 6 H₂O + 6 NH₃

In the second step, the ammonium chloride salt is converted to the trichloride by heating in a vacuum at 350-400 °C:

[NH₄]₂ErCl₅ → ErCl₃ + 2 HCl + 2 NH₃

Structural data

Erbium(III) chloride forms crystals of the AlCl₃ type, with monoclinic crystals and the point group C2/m.^[2]

Erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate also forms monoclinic crystals with the point group of P2/n (P2/c) - C⁴_2h. In this compound, erbium is octa-coordinated to form [Er(H₂O)₆Cl₂]⁺ ions with the isolated Cl⁻ completing the structure.^[6]

Optical properties

Erbium(III) chloride solutions show a negative nonlinear absorption effect.^[7]^{[clarification needed]}

Catalytic properties

The use of erbium(III) chloride as a catalyst has been demonstrated in the acylation of alcohols and phenols^[8] and in an amine functionalisation of furfural.^[9] It is a catalyst for Friedel–Crafts-type reactions, and can be used in place of cerium(III) chloride for Luche reductions.^[10]

References

^ Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 4–57. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2.
^ a b Tempelton DH, Carter GF (1954). "The Crystal Structure of Yttrium Trichloride and Similar Compounds". J Phys Chem. 58 (11): 940–943. doi:10.1021/j150521a002.
^ Brauer, G., ed. (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
^ Meyer, G. (1989). "The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides—The Example of Ycl ₃". The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides-The Example of YCl₃. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 25. pp. 146–150. doi:10.1002/9780470132562.ch35. ISBN 978-0-470-13256-2.
^ Edelmann, F. T.; Poremba, P. (1997). Herrmann, W. A. (ed.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. VI. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 978-3-13-103021-4.
^ Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF (1966). "Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides". Acta Crystallographica. 21 (6): 1012–1013. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66004420.
^ Maeda Y, Akidzuki Y, Yamada T (1998). "All-optical liquid device derived from negative nonlinear absorption effect in an erbium chloride solution". Applied Physics Letters. 73 (17): 2411–2413. Bibcode:1998ApPhL..73.2411M. doi:10.1063/1.122450.
^ Dalpozzo Renato, De Nino Antonio, Maiuolo Loredana, Oliverio Manuela, Procopio Antonio, Russo Beatrice, Tocci Amedeo (2007) Erbium(iii) Chloride: a Very Active Acylation Catalyst. Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, 75-79. doi:10.1071/CH06346
^ Synthesis of trans-4,5-Bis-dibenzylaminocyclopent-2-enone from Furfural Catalyzed by ErCl3·6H2O Mónica S. Estevão, Ricardo J. V. Martins, and Carlos A. M. Afonso Journal of Chemical Education 2017 94 (10), 1587-1589 {DOI|10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00470}
^ Luche, Jean-Louis (2001-04-15), "Erbium(III) Chloride", in John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (ed.), Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. re006, doi:10.1002/047084289x.re006, ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7

[hand-1] Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 4–57. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2.

[Tempelton-2] Tempelton DH, Carter GF (1954). "The Crystal Structure of Yttrium Trichloride and Similar Compounds". J Phys Chem. 58 (11): 940–943. doi:10.1021/j150521a002.

[Brauer-3] Brauer, G., ed. (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

[IS-4] Meyer, G. (1989). "The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides—The Example of Ycl ₃". The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides-The Example of YCl₃. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 25. pp. 146–150. doi:10.1002/9780470132562.ch35. ISBN 978-0-470-13256-2.

[EdelmannPoremba1997-5] Edelmann, F. T.; Poremba, P. (1997). Herrmann, W. A. (ed.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. VI. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 978-3-13-103021-4.

[6] Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF (1966). "Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides". Acta Crystallographica. 21 (6): 1012–1013. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66004420.

[7] Maeda Y, Akidzuki Y, Yamada T (1998). "All-optical liquid device derived from negative nonlinear absorption effect in an erbium chloride solution". Applied Physics Letters. 73 (17): 2411–2413. Bibcode:1998ApPhL..73.2411M. doi:10.1063/1.122450.

[8] Dalpozzo Renato, De Nino Antonio, Maiuolo Loredana, Oliverio Manuela, Procopio Antonio, Russo Beatrice, Tocci Amedeo (2007) Erbium(iii) Chloride: a Very Active Acylation Catalyst. Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, 75-79. doi:10.1071/CH06346

[9] Synthesis of trans-4,5-Bis-dibenzylaminocyclopent-2-enone from Furfural Catalyzed by ErCl3·6H2O Mónica S. Estevão, Ricardo J. V. Martins, and Carlos A. M. Afonso Journal of Chemical Education 2017 94 (10), 1587-1589 {DOI|10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00470}

[Luche-10] Luche, Jean-Louis (2001-04-15), "Erbium(III) Chloride", in John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (ed.), Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. re006, doi:10.1002/047084289x.re006, ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7