For each de jure and de facto sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state , head of government , and the legislature is selected . Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government " indicate the office is the same for that country ; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house " indicate a unicameral legislature . The linked articles include the results of the elections . For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar .
A
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Abkhazia
Direct election[1]
Direct election[1]
Afghanistan
Autocrat elected by legislature[2] [3] [4]
Appointment by autocrat[2]
Appointment by autocrat[5]
Åland
President of Finland
Election by legislature
Direct election
Albania
Election by legislature[6]
Election by legislature[6]
Direct election[6]
Algeria
Direct election[7]
Election by legislature[7]
Direct election[7]
Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President[7]
American Samoa
President of the United States[8]
Direct election[8]
Direct election[8]
Election by regional governing councils[8]
Andorra
The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state[9]
Election by legislature[9]
Direct election[9]
Angola
Election by legislature[10]
Direct election[10]
Anguilla
Monarchy [11]
Election by legislature[11]
Direct election and appointments[11]
Antigua and Barbuda
Monarchy [12]
Election by legislature[12]
Direct election[12]
Appointments[12]
Argentina
Direct election[13]
Direct election[13]
Armenia
Election by Legislature
Election by Legislature
Direct election [14]
Aruba
Monarch of the Netherlands[15]
Election by legislature[15]
Direct election[15]
Australia
Monarchy [16]
Election by legislature[16]
Direct election[16]
Austria
Direct election[17]
Election by legislature[17]
Direct election[17]
Indirect election[17]
Azerbaijan
Direct election[18]
Appointment by head of state[18]
Direct election[18]
B
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Bahamas
Monarchy [19]
Election by legislature[19]
Direct election[19]
Appointments[19]
Bahrain
Monarchy[20]
Appointment by head of state[20]
Direct election[20]
Appointments[20]
Bangladesh
Election by legislature[21]
Election by legislature[21]
Direct and indirect election[21]
Barbados
Election by legislature[22]
Election by legislature[21]
Direct election[22]
Appointments[22]
Belarus
Direct election[23]
Appointment by head of state[23]
Direct election[23]
Indirect election and appointments[23]
Belgium
Monarchy[24]
Election by legislature[24]
Direct election[24]
Indirect election[24]
Belize
Monarchy [25]
Election by legislature[25]
Direct election[25]
Appointments[25]
Benin
Direct election[26]
Direct election[26]
Bermuda
Monarchy[27]
Election by legislature[27]
Direct election[27]
Appointments[27]
Bhutan
Monarchy[28]
Elected by legislature[28]
Direct election[28]
Direct election and appointments[28]
Bolivia
Direct election[29]
Direct election[29]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates[30]
Appointment by head of state[30]
Direct election[30]
Indirect election[30]
Botswana
Election by legislature[31]
Direct election[31]
Hereditary and appointments[31]
Brazil
Direct election[32]
Direct election[32]
Direct election[32]
British Virgin Islands
Monarchy [33]
Election by legislature[33]
Direct election[33]
Brunei
Monarchy[34]
Appointments by head of state[34]
Bulgaria
Direct election[35]
Election by legislature[35]
Direct election[35]
Burkina Faso
Direct election[36]
Appointment by head of state[36]
Direct election[36]
Burma see Myanmar
Burundi
Direct election[37]
Direct election and co-option [37]
Indirect election[37]
C
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
Cambodia
Monarch elected by Royal Council[38]
Election by lower house of legislature[38]
Direct election[38]
Indirect election and appointments[38]
Cameroon
Direct election[39]
Appointment by head of state[39]
Direct election[39]
Indirect election and appointments[39]
Canada
Monarchy [40]
Election by lower house of legislature[40]
Direct election[40]
Appointments[40]
Cape Verde
Direct election[41]
Appointment by head of state[41]
Direct election[41]
Cayman Islands
Monarchy [42]
Election by legislature[42]
Direct election and appointments[42]
Central African Republic
Direct election[43]
Appointment by head of state[44]
Direct election[43]
Chad
Direct election[45]
Appointment by head of state[45]
Direct election[45]
Chile
Direct election[46]
Direct election[46]
China
Election by legislature[47]
Appointment by head of state[47]
Indirect election[47]
Colombia
Direct election[48]
Direct election[48]
Direct election[48]
Comoros
Direct election[49]
Direct and indirect election[49]
Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cook Islands
Monarchy [50]
Election by legislature[50]
Direct election[50]
Costa Rica
Direct election[51]
Direct election[51]
Côte d'Ivoire
Direct election[52]
Appointment by head of state[52]
Direct election[52]
Croatia
Direct election[53]
Election by legislature[53]
Direct election[53]
Cuba
Election by legislature[54]
Direct election[54]
Curaçao
Monarch of the Netherlands[55]
Election by legislature[55]
Direct election[55]
Cyprus
Direct election[56]
Direct election[56]
Czech Republic
Direct election[57]
Appointment by head of state[57]
Direct election[57]
D
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Direct election[58]
Appointment by head of state[58]
Direct election[58]
Indirect election[58]
Denmark
Monarchy[59]
Election by legislature[59]
Direct election[59]
Djibouti
Direct election[60]
Appointment by head of state[60]
Direct election[60]
Dominica
Election by legislature[61]
Appointment by head of state[61]
Direct election and appointments[61]
Dominican Republic
Direct election[62]
Direct election[62]
E
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
East Timor
Direct election[63]
Election by legislature[63]
Direct election[63]
Ecuador
Direct election[64]
Direct election[64]
Egypt
Direct election[65]
Appointment by head of state[65]
Direct election and appointments[65]
El Salvador
Direct election[66]
Direct election[66]
Equatorial Guinea
Direct election[67]
Appointment by head of state[67]
Direct election[67]
Direct election and appointments[67]
Eritrea
Election by legislature[68]
Direct and indirect election[68]
Estonia
Election by legislature and/or electoral college[69]
Appointment by head of state[69]
Direct election[69]
Eswatini
Monarchy[70]
Appointment by head of state[70]
Election by traditional local councils and appointments[70]
Election by lower house and appointments[70]
Ethiopia
Election by legislature[71]
Election by legislature[71]
Direct election[71]
Indirect election[71]
F
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Falkland Islands
Monarchy [72]
Indirect appointment by monarch[72]
Direct election and appointments[72]
Faroe Islands
Monarch of Denmark[73]
Election by legislature[73]
Direct election[73]
Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
Fiji
Election by legislature[74]
Appointment by president[74]
Direct election[74]
Finland
Direct election[75]
Election by legislature[75]
Direct election[75]
France
Direct election[76]
Appointment by president[76]
Direct election[76]
Indirect election[76]
French Polynesia
President of France[77]
Election by legislature[77]
Direct election[77]
G
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Gabon
Direct election[78]
Appointment by head of state[78]
Direct election[78]
Indirect election[78]
Gambia
Direct election[79]
Direct election and appointments[79]
Georgia
Direct election[80]
Election by legislature[80]
Direct election[80]
Germany
Election by electoral college[81]
Election by legislature[81]
Direct election[81]
Representation of state governments[81]
Ghana
Direct election[82]
Direct election[82]
Gibraltar
Monarchy [83]
Election by legislature[83]
Direct and indirect election[83]
Greece
Election by legislature[84]
Election by legislature[84]
Direct election[84]
Greenland
Monarch of Denmark[85]
Election by legislature[85]
Direct election[85]
Grenada
Monarchy [86]
Election by legislature[86]
Direct election[86]
Appointment[86]
Guam
President of the United States[87]
Direct election[87]
Direct election[87]
Guatemala
Direct election[88]
Direct election[88]
Guernsey
Monarchy [89]
Election by legislature[89]
Direct election[89]
Guinea
Direct election[90]
Appointment by head of state[90]
Direct election[90]
Guinea-Bissau
Direct election[91]
Appointment by head of state[91]
Direct election[91]
Guyana
Election by legislature[92]
Direct election[92]
H
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Haiti
Direct election[93]
Appointment by head of state[94]
Direct election[93]
Honduras
Direct election[95]
Direct election[95]
Hong Kong
Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council [96]
Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council [96]
Direct election and indirect election[96]
Holy See see Vatican City
Hungary
Election by legislature[97]
Election by legislature[97]
Direct election[97]
I
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Iceland
Direct election[98]
Election by legislature[98]
Direct election[98]
India
Election by electoral college[99]
Election by legislature[99]
Direct election[99]
Indirect election[99]
Indonesia
Direct election[100]
Direct election[100]
Iran
Election by Assembly of Experts [101]
Direct election[101]
Direct election and appointment[101]
Iraq
Election by legislature[102]
Election by legislature[102]
Direct election[102]
Ireland
Direct election[103]
Election by lower house of legislature[103]
Direct election[103]
Election by functional constituencies and appointment[103]
Isle of Man
Monarchy [104]
Election by legislature[104]
Direct election[104]
Indirect election/ex officio[104]
Israel
Election by legislature[105]
Appointment by president[106]
Direct election[105]
Italy
Election by legislature[107]
Appointment by president[107]
Direct election[107]
J
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Jamaica
Monarchy [108]
Election by lower house of legislature[108]
Direct election[108]
Appointment[108]
Japan
Monarchy[109]
Election by lower house of legislature[109]
Direct election[109]
Jersey
Monarchy [110]
Election by legislature[110]
Direct election[110]
Jordan
Monarchy[111]
Appointment by monarch[111]
Direct election[111]
Appointment by monarch[111]
K
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Kazakhstan
Direct election[112]
Appointment by head of state[112]
Direct and indirect election[112]
Indirect election and appointments[112]
Kenya
Direct election[113]
Direct election and appointments[113]
Direct election[113]
Kiribati
Direct election[114]
Direct election and appointments[114]
Korea, North see North Korea
Korea, South see South Korea
Kosovo
Election by legislature[115]
Election by legislature[115]
Direct election[115]
Kuwait
Monarchy[116]
Appointment by head of state[116]
Direct election and appointments[116]
Kyrgyzstan
Direct election[117]
Election by legislature[117]
Direct election[117]
L
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Laos
Election by legislature[118]
Election by legislature[118]
Direct election[118]
Latvia
Election by legislature[119]
Appointment by head of state[119]
Direct election[119]
Lebanon
Election by legislature[120]
Appointment by head of state[120]
Direct election[120]
Lesotho
Monarchy[121]
Election by lower house of legislature[121]
Direct election[121]
Appointments[121]
Liberia
Direct election[122]
Direct election[122]
Direct election[122]
Libya
Head of Presidential Council[123]
Direct election[124]
Liechtenstein
Monarchy[125]
Election by legislature[125]
Direct election[125]
Lithuania
Direct election[126]
Appointment by head of state[126]
Direct election[126]
Luxembourg
Monarchy[127]
Election by legislature[127]
Direct election[127]
M
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Macau
Election by election committee[128]
Election by election committee[128]
Direct election, indirect election, and appointments[128]
Madagascar
Direct election[129]
Election by lower house of legislature[129]
Direct election[129]
Indirect election and appointments[129]
Malawi
Direct election[130]
Direct election[130]
Malaysia
Election by the rulers of the Malay states[131]
Election by lower house of legislature[131]
Direct election[131]
Indirect election and appointments[131]
Maldives
Direct election[132]
Direct election[132]
Mali
Direct election[133]
Appointment by head of state[133]
Direct election[133]
Malta
Election by legislature
Appointment by head of state
Direct election
Marshall Islands
Election by legislature
Direct election
Mauritania
Direct election
Direct election
Indirect election
Mauritius
Election by legislature
Direct election
Mexico
Direct election
Direct election
Direct election
Micronesia
Election by legislature
Direct election
Moldova
Direct election
Direct election
Monaco
Monarchy
Direct election
Mongolia
Direct election
Direct election
Montenegro
Direct election
Direct election
Montserrat
Monarchy [134]
Election by legislature[134]
Direct election[134]
Morocco
Monarchy
Appointment by head of state
Direct election
Indirect election and election by functional groups
Mozambique
Direct election
Direct election
Myanmar
Election by legislature
Direct election and appointments
N
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Nagorno Karabakh
Direct election
Direct election
Namibia
Direct election[135]
Direct election[135]
Indirect election[135]
Nauru
Election by legislature[136]
Direct election[136]
Nepal
Indirect election[137]
Election by legislature[137]
Direct election[137]
Indirect election and appointments[137]
Netherlands
Monarchy[138]
Election by legislature[138]
Direct election[138]
Indirect election[138]
New Caledonia
President of France[139]
Election by legislature[139]
Indirect election[139]
New Zealand
Monarchy [140]
Election by legislature[140]
Direct election[140]
Nicaragua
Direct election[141]
Direct election and ex officio[141]
Niger
Direct election[142]
Appointment by head of state[142]
Direct election[142]
Nigeria
Direct election
Direct election
Niue
Monarchy [143]
Election by legislature[143]
Direct election[143]
Norfolk Island
Monarchy [144]
Indirect appointment by head of state[144]
Direct election[144]
North Korea
Elected by legislature[145]
Direct election
North Macedonia
Direct election[146]
Election by legislature[146]
Direct election[146]
Northern Cyprus
Direct election
Direct election
Northern Mariana Islands
President of the United States[147]
Direct election[147]
Direct election[147]
Norway
Monarchy
Direct election
O
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Oman
Monarchy[148]
Indirect election[148]
Appointments[148]
P
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Pakistan
Election by legislature
Direct election
Indirect election
Palau
Direct election
Direct election
Palestine
Direct election
Direct election
Panama
Direct election
Direct election
Papua New Guinea
Monarchy [149]
Election by legislature[149]
Direct election[149]
Paraguay
Direct election
Direct election
People's Republic of China see China
Peru
Direct election
Direct election
Philippines
Direct election
Direct election
Pitcairn Islands
Monarchy [150]
Direct election[150]
Direct election and appointment[150]
Poland
Direct election
Appointment by head of state
Direct election
Portugal
Direct election
Appointment by head of state[151]
Direct election
Puerto Rico
President of the United States[152]
Direct election[152]
Direct election[152]
Q
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Qatar
Monarchy[153]
Appointed by monarch[153]
Appointed by monarch[153]
R
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Republic of China see Taiwan
Republic of the Congo
Direct election
Direct election
Indirect election
Romania
Direct election[154]
Appointed by head of state[154]
Direct election[154]
Russia
Direct election
Direct election
Indirect election and appointments
Rwanda
Direct election[155]
Appointment by head of state[155]
Direct election and appointments[155]
Indirect election and appointments[155]
S
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Election by legislature[156]
Appointment by head of state[157]
Direct election[158]
Saint Helena
Monarchy [159]
Appointment by head of state[159]
Direct election and appointments[159]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Monarchy [160]
Election by legislature[160]
Direct election and appointments[160]
Saint Lucia
Monarchy
Direct election
Appointments
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
President of France[161]
Election by legislature[161]
Direct election[161]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Monarchy
Direct election and appointments
Samoa
Election by legislature
Direct election
San Marino
Election by legislature
Direct election
São Tomé and Príncipe
Direct election
Direct election
Saudi Arabia
Monarchy[162]
Appointment by monarch[162]
Senegal
Direct election
Direct election
Serbia
Direct election
Direct election
Seychelles
Direct election
Direct election
Sierra Leone
Direct election
Direct election
Singapore
Direct election
Direct election
Sint Maarten
Monarch of the Netherlands[163]
Election by legislature[163]
Direct election[163]
Slovakia
Direct election
Direct election
Slovenia
Direct election
Direct election
Representation of interest groups
Solomon Islands
Monarchy [164]
Election by legislature[164]
Direct election[164]
Somalia
Direct election
Transition
Somaliland
Direct election
Direct election
Traditional leaders
South Africa
Election by lower house of legislature[165]
Direct election[165]
Indirect election[165]
South Korea
Direct election
Direct election
South Ossetia
Direct election
Direct election
South Sudan
Direct election
Direct election
Spain
Monarchy
Election by legislature
Direct election
Direct and indirect election
Sri Lanka
Direct election
Direct election
Sudan
Direct election
Appointments due to transition
Indirect election
Suriname
Election by electoral college
Direct election
Sweden
Monarchy[166]
Election by legislature[166]
Direct election[166]
Switzerland
Election by legislature
Direct election
Syria
Approval by referendum
Direct election
T
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Taiwan
Direct election
Direct election
Tajikistan
Direct election
Direct election
Indirect election and appointments
Tanzania
Direct election
Direct election
Thailand
Monarchy
Election by legislature
Direct election
Direct election and appointments
Timor-Leste see East Timor
Togo
Direct election
Direct election
Tokelau
Monarchy [167]
Rotation of village leaders[167]
Direct election[167]
Tonga
Monarchy
Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
Transnistria
Direct election
Direct election
Trinidad and Tobago
Election by legislature
Direct election
Appointments
Tunisia
Direct election
Election by legislature
Direct election
Turkey
Direct election
Direct election
Turkmenistan
Direct election
Direct election
Turks and Caicos Islands
Monarchy [168]
Election by legislature[168]
Direct election[168]
Tuvalu
Monarchy [169]
Election by legislature[169]
Direct election[169]
U
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Uganda
Direct election[170]
Direct election and appointments[170]
Ukraine
Direct election[171]
Election by legislature[171]
Direct election[171]
United Arab Emirates
Indirect election by heads of constituent states[172]
Indirect election by heads of constituent states[172]
Appointments and indirect election[172]
United Kingdom
Monarchy [173]
Election by legislature[173]
Direct election[173]
Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election[173]
United States
Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college[174]
Direct election[174]
Uruguay
Direct election
Direct election
Uzbekistan
Direct election
Direct election
Indirect election and appointments
V
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Vanuatu
Election by electoral college[175]
Election by legislature[175]
Direct election[175]
Vatican City
Monarch elected by college of cardinals[176]
Appointment by monarch[176]
Appointment by monarch[176]
Venezuela
Direct election
Direct election
Vietnam
Election by legislature
Direct election
Virgin Islands
President of the United States[177]
Direct election[177]
Direct election
W
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Wallis and Futuna
President of France[178]
Appointment by president[178]
Direct election[178]
Y
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Yemen
Direct election[179]
Appointment by head of state[179]
Direct election[179]
Appointment by head of state[179]
Z
Country
Head of state
Head of government
Legislature
Lower house
Upper house
Zambia
Direct election[180]
Mostly direct election, some appointments[180]
Zimbabwe
Direct election[181]
Direct election[181]
Mix of direct and indirect election[181]
See also
References
^ a b "Useful Information". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia. 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017 .
^ a b Ramachandran, Sudha (10 September 2021). "What Role Will the Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Play in the New Government?". The Diplomat . Retrieved 5 July 2022 .
^ Jones, Seth G. (December 2020). "Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan". CTC Sentinel . 13 (11). Combating Terrorism Center . Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022 . an autocratic political system that eschews democracy
^ "Taliban sources – Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader". Reuters . Peshawar, Pakistan . 30 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2022 . The shura held outside Quetta unanimously elected Mullah Mansour as the new emir of the Taliban
^ Sayed, Abdul (8 September 2021). "Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?". Voice of America . Retrieved 5 July 2022 .
^ a b c Albania. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Algeria. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d American Samoa. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Andorra. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Angola. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Anguilla. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Argentina. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ Armenia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Aruba. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Australia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Austria. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Azerbaijan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Bahamas, The. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Bahrain. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Bangladesh. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Barbados. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Belarus. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Belgium. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Belize. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Benin. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Bermuda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Bhutan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Bolivia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Bosnia and Herzegovina. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Botswana. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Brazil. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c British Virgin Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Brunei. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Bulgaria. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Burkina Faso. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Burundi. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Cambodia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Cameroon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Canada. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Cabo Verde. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Cayman Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Central African Republic. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ "Central African president names PM in decree: radio". Reuters. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017 .
^ a b c Chad. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Chile. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c China. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Colombia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Comoros. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Cook Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Costa Rica. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Cote d'Ivoire. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Croatia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Cuba. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Curacao. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Cyprus. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Czechia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Denmark. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Djibouti. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Dominica. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Dominican Republic. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Timor-Leste. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Ecuador. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Egypt. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b El Salvador. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Equatorial Guinea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Eritrea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Estonia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Swaziland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Ethiopia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Falkland Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Faroe Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Fiji. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Finland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d France. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c French Polynesia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Gabon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Gambia, The. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Georgia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Germany. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Ghana. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Gibraltar. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Greece. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Greenland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Grenada. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Guam. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Guatemala. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Guernsey. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Guinea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Guyana. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Haiti. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ Charles, Jacqueline (22 February 2017). "A doctor with no political experience has been tapped to become Haiti's next prime minister". The Miami Herald . Retrieved 8 September 2017 .
^ a b Honduras. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Hong Kong. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Hungary. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Iceland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d India. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Indonesia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Iran. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Iraq. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Ireland. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Isle of Man. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Israel. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ "Basic Law: The Government (2001)". Basic Law: The Government (2001) . Official Website of the Knesset. Retrieved 20 November 2018 .
^ a b c Italy. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Jamaica. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Japan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Jersey. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Jordan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Kazakhstan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Kenya. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Kiribati. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Kosovo. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Kuwait. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Kyrgyzstan. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Laos. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Latvia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Lebanon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Lesotho. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Liberia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ Kingsley, Patrick (17 December 2015). "Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.
^ Libya. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Liechtenstein. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Lithuania. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Luxembourg. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Macau. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Madagascar. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Malawi. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Malaysia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Maldives. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Mali. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Montserrat. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Namibia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Nauru. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Nepal. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Netherlands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c New Caledonia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c New Zealand. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Nicaragua. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Niger. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Niue. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Norfolk Island. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ North Korea 's parliament elects the Head of State
^ a b c Macedonia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Northern Mariana Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Oman. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Pitcairn Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ "Artigo 133.º, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic". Assembly of the Republic . Retrieved 16 November 2022 .
^ a b c Puerto Rico. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Qatar. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Romania. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Rwanda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 51: The Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO shall be ex officio the President of the Republic. He/she shall be elected by the General Congress of the Frente POLISARIO by secret and direct suffrage.
^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 53: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and shall terminate his/her functions.
^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 79: Members of the National Council shall be elected by direct and secret suffrage once between two Congresses.
^ a b c Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Saudi Arabia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Sint Maarten. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Solomon Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c South Africa. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Sweden. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Tokelau. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Turks and Caicos Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Tuvalu. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Uganda. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Ukraine. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c United Arab Emirates. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d United Kingdom. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b United States. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Vanuatu. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Holy See. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Virgin Islands. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Wallis and Futuna. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c d Yemen. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b Zambia. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
^ a b c Zimbabwe. The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
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