Dolphin (structure)

A dolphin is a group of pilings arrayed together to serve variously as a protective hardpoint along a dock, in a waterway, or along a shore; as a means or point of stabilization of a dock, bridge, or similar structure; as a mooring point; and as a base for navigational aids.

Structure

Dolphins typically consist of a number of piles driven into the seabed or riverbed, and connected above the water level to provide a platform or fixing point. The piles can be untreated or pressure-treated timber piles, or steel or reinforced concrete piles. Smaller dolphins can have the piles drawn together with wire rope, but larger dolphins are typically fixed using a reinforced concrete capping or a structural steel frame.

Access to a dolphin may be via a pedestrian bridge, particularly in the case of mooring dolphins, but is often by boat.

Use

As mooring point

Dolphins are usually installed to provide a fixed structure when it would be impractical to extend the shore to provide a dry-access facility, for example, when the number of ships is greater than can be accommodated by the length of the berth/pier.^[1] Typical uses include extending a berth (a berthing dolphin) or providing a mooring point (a mooring dolphin).

To protect structures

Dolphins are also used to protect structures from possible impact by ships, in a similar fashion to fenders.^[2] A notable example of dolphins used to protect a bridge is the Sunshine Skyway Bridge across the mouth of Tampa Bay. In 1980, the MV Summit Venture hit a pier on one of the bridge's two, two-lane spans causing a 1,200-foot (370 m) section of the bridge to fall into the water, resulting in 35 deaths. When a replacement span was designed, a top priority was to prevent ships from colliding with the new bridge.^[3] The new bridge is protected by 36 dolphins: four large dolphins protecting the two main pylons supporting the cable-stayed main span plus 32 smaller dolphins protecting bridge piers for 1⁄4 mile (400 m) to either side of the main span.^[3] The cost of the dolphins was $41 million (equivalent to $94 million in 2023 dollars).^[3]

To support navigational aids

Dolphins are also used to house navigation aids such as lights or daybeacons, and display regulatory information such as speed limits and other safety information, or even advertising.

References

^ Tsinker, Gregory P. (February 16, 2004). Port engineering: planning, construction, maintenance, and security. John Wiley & Sons. p. 474. ISBN 9780471412748.
^ "Robert Cabral, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Healy Tibbits Builders, Inc., Defendant-appellee United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. - 128 F.3d 1289". October 15, 1997. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
^ a b c Scherberger, Tom (March 22, 1987). "The Lesson - A Bridge On Guard Span's Protective Shield Called Best In The World". The Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 29, 2018.

[1] Tsinker, Gregory P. (February 16, 2004). Port engineering: planning, construction, maintenance, and security. John Wiley & Sons. p. 474. ISBN 9780471412748.

[2] "Robert Cabral, Plaintiff-appellant, v. Healy Tibbits Builders, Inc., Defendant-appellee United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit. - 128 F.3d 1289". October 15, 1997. Retrieved November 30, 2010.

[Scherberger-3] Scherberger, Tom (March 22, 1987). "The Lesson - A Bridge On Guard Span's Protective Shield Called Best In The World". The Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 29, 2018.