Ndjébbana language
| Ndjébbana | |
|---|---|
| Djeebbana | |
| Gunavidji | |
| Region | Northern Territory |
| Ethnicity | Gunavidji |
Native speakers | 367 (2021 census)[1] |
Arnhem
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | djj |
| Glottolog | djee1236 |
| AIATSIS[2] | N74 |
| ELP | Ndjebbana |
The Ndjébbana language, also spelt Djeebbana and Ndjebanna and also known as Kunibidji (Gunavidji, Gunivugi, Gombudj), is a Burarran language spoken by the Gunavidji (Ndjebbana) people of North-central Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia.
"Gunavidji" (and variant forms) is an exonym used by speakers of Kunbarlang, Kunwinjku and Maung languages.[3]
Phonology
Consonants
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Plosive | b~p | k | ɟ~c | d~t | ɖ~ʈ |
| Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ |
| Rhotic | ɾ~r | ɻ | |||
| Lateral | l | ɭ | |||
| Approximant | w | j | |||
- Sounds /b, ɟ, d, ɖ/ may also be heard as voiceless [p, c, t, ʈ] when in word-final position or when preceding other stop consonants. They may also occur as geminated, where they are always pronounced as [pː, cː, tː, ʈː].
- /ɾ/ can be heard as either a flap [ɾ] or a trill [r].
- /k/ can be heard as [ɣ] in intervocalic position or when followed by a liquid sound.
- /b/ can be heard as [β] when in intervocalic position.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | ʊ ʊː | |
| Mid | ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | |
| Low | a aː |
- Vowels /ɛ, a, ɔ, ʊ/ may have a [ɪ] vowel off-glide heard as [ɛᶦ, æᶦ, ɔᶦ, ʊᶦ], when preceding a laminal-palatal consonant.[4]
| Phoneme/Sound | Allophones | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| /i/ [i] | [ɪ] | Is heard when in lax or unstressed positions. |
| /ɛ/ [ɛ] | [e] | Can also be heard when before a laminal-palatal consonant or a semivowel. |
| /a/ [ä] | [æ] | May also be heard when following a laminal-palatal consonant. |
| /ɔ/ [ɔ] | [o] | Can also be heard when in stressed positions. |
| /ʊ/ [ʊ] | [u] | Is always heard when in word-final position. |
References
- ^ "SBS Australian Census Explorer". Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ N74 Ndjébbana at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ N74 Ndjebanna at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ McKay 2000.
Further reading
- Auld, Glenn. 2002. The role of the computer in learning Ndjébbana. Language learning and technology 6(2): 41-58.
- Auld, Glenn. 2002. Computer assisted Ndjébbana. Practically Primary 7(3): 20-22.
- Auld, Glenn. 2005. The literacy practices of Kunibídji children: Text, technology and transformation. PhD thesis, University of Ballarat.
- Capell, Arthur. 1942. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania, 12 (4), 364-392.
- Elwell, Vanessa. 1977. Multilingualism and lingua francas among Australian Aborigines: A case study of Maningrida. Honours Thesis, Australian National University.
- Elwell, Vanessa. 1982. Some social factors affecting multilingualism among Aboriginal Australians: a case study of Maningrida. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 36: 83-103.
- Green, Rebecca. 2003. Proto Maningrida within Proto Arnhem: evidence from verbal inflectional suffixes. In N. Evans (ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of Northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region (pp. 369–421). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Handelsmann, Robert. 1996. Needs Survey of Community Languages: Central Arnhem Land, Northern Territory (Maningrida and Outstations). Report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.
- Jones, Peter. 1987. The Kunibidji Bilingual Program Handbook. Maningrida School: Maningrida.
- Maningrida CEC's Literature Production Centre, 2009. My own Ndjébbana dictionary : a b d dj e i k l m n ng nj o r rd rl rn rr u w ya. Winnelie, N.T.: Maningrida CEC.
- McKay, Graham R. 1984. Stop Alternations in Ndjébbana (Kunibidji) + Comments on Waters' Comments on Gemination in Rembarnga. Pacific Linguistics. Series A: Occasional Papers.
- McKay, Graham R. 1996. Body parts, possession marking and nominal classes in Ndjébbana. In H. Chappell and W. McGregor (eds) The Grammar of inalienability : a typological perspective on body part terms and the part-whole relation. Berlin; New York : M. de Gruyter. pp. 293–326.
- McKay, Graham. 2000. Ndjébbana. In R.M.W. Dixon & B.J. Blake (eds), The handbook of Australian languages: Volume 5 (pp. 155–354). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
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