Cyrillization of French
Russian uses phonetic transcription for the Cyrillization of its many loanwords from French. Some use is made of Cyrillic's iotation features to represent French's front rounded vowels and etymologically-softened consonants.
Consonants
In the table below, the symbol ⟨ʲ⟩ represents either a "softened" consonant or the approximant /j/. When applicable, a softened consonant can be indicated in transcription either by a following iotated vowel or by ⟨ь⟩.
| French | Russian transcription |
Examples | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| phoneme(s) | grapheme(s) | |||
| [b] | b | б | bateau-lavoir – бато-лавуар | |
| [ʃ] | ch | ш | Charles – Шарль | |
| [d] | d | д | Bordeaux – Бордо | |
| [f] | f, ph | ф | Foucault – Фуко | |
| [ɡ] | g, gu | г | Guillaume – Гийом | |
| [ɲ] | gn | нь | Boulogne – Булонь | |
| – | h | – | Humanité – Юманите | |
| г | Hugo – Гюго Le Havre – Гавр |
often in the case of h aspiré | ||
| [ʒ] | j, g(e) | ж | Jean – Жан | |
| [k] | c, qu, k | к | Camus – Камю | |
| [l] | l | ль | Gilbert – Жильбер | before a consonant or at the end of a word |
| л | Louvre – Лувр | before vowels | ||
| [lj] | li | ль | Montpellier – Монпелье | |
| [m] | m | м | monde – монд | |
| [n] | n | н | Rhône – Рона | |
| [ŋ] | ng | нг | ||
| [p] | p | п | Pierre – Пьер | |
| [ʁ] | r | р | Renoir – Ренуар | |
| [s] | s, ç, c | с | Rousseau – Руссо | |
| [sj] | ti | сь | Libération – Либерасьон | |
| [t] | t | т | pointe – пуэнт | |
| [v] | v | в | Verlaine – Верлен | |
| [w] | w | в | Gwénaël – Гвенаэль | sometimes transliterated with ⟨у⟩ in loanwords from English |
| [ks] [kz] |
x | кс кз |
Xavier – Ксавье Saint-Exupéry – Сент-Экзюпери |
according to the pronunciation of the ⟨x⟩ |
| [j] | y, i, il(l) | й | yeuse – йёз Bayard – Байяр Guillaume – Гийом |
after a vowel or word-initially |
| ь | Lavoisier – Лавуазье | after a consonant | ||
| il(l) | ль | Marseille – Марсель | frozen form | |
| [z] | z, s | з | Vierzon – Вьерзон | |
Doubled French consonants remain doubled in their Russian transcription: Rousseau – Руссо. Silent consonants (common in French) are generally not transcribed, except where they exist in the surface form due to liaison.
Vowels
| French | Russian transcription |
Examples | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| phoneme(s) | grapheme(s) | |||
| [a], [ɑ] | a, â | а | Charles – Шарль | |
| [e], [ɛ] | é, è, ê, ai, e | е | René – Рене | |
| э | Edmond – Эдмон Citroën – Ситроэн |
at the beginning of a word, following a vowel, or rarely for [ɛ] at the end of a word | ||
| [ø], [œ] | eu, œ, œu | ё | Villedieu – Вильдьё | ⟨ё⟩ is generally simplified to ⟨е⟩ in Russian |
| э | Eugène – Эжен Maheu – Маэ |
at the beginning of a word, or after a vowel | ||
| [ə], — | e | – | Charles – Шарль | e muet |
| е | De Gaulle – Де Голль | only in cases where [ə] is usually pronounced, e.g., le, de, que, rebelle, etc. | ||
| [i] | i, y | и | Village – Виляж | |
| [o], [ɔ] | o, au, ô | o | Rhône – Рона | |
| [wa] | oi | уа | Troyes – Труа | |
| [u], [w] | ou | у | Louvre – Лувр | |
| [y], [ɥ] | u | ю | L'Humanité – Юманите | |
| [ɑ̃] | an, am, en, em | ан, ам | Ambroise – Амбруаз Occidental – Оксиданталь |
nasal vowels are written as the corresponding oral vowel followed by /n/ (or /m/ before /m, b, p/) |
| [ɛ̃] | in, en, ain | ен, ем, эн, эм | Saintes – Сент Ain – Эн | |
| [ɔ̃] | on, om | он, ом | Comte – Конт | |
| [œ̃] | un | ен, ем, эн, эм | Verdun – Верден | |
| [wɛ̃] | oin | уэн | pointe – пуэнт | |
Finally, the softened consonants modify the following vowels:
| hard Russian vowel | softening | Examples | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| After a vowel or ⟨й⟩ | After a consonant or ⟨ь⟩ | |||
| ʲа | я | cognac – коньяк Bayard – Байяр |
||
| ʲе ; ʲё | ие, йе ; йё | ье ; ьё | trieur – триер Cahiers du cinéma – Кайе дю синема Richelieu – Ришелье |
|
| э | ⟨э⟩ never follows a softened consonant | |||
| ʲи | йи | ьи | Tilly – Тийи | |
| ʲо | йо | ьо | Chillon – Шильон | |
| ʲу | ю | |||
| ʲю | йю | ью | ||
| ʲ | before a consonant or at the end of a word, softening is written with ⟨ь⟩ | |||
Neither ⟨й⟩ nor ⟨ь⟩ are doubled.
Bibliography
- Paul Garde, La Transcription des noms propres français en russe, Paris, Institut d'études slaves, 1974, 63 pages, 25 cm, collection « Documents pédagogiques de l'Institut d'études slaves » n° X, ISBN 2-7204-0090-4
