Cuzco Quechua language
| Cuzco Quechua | |
|---|---|
| Qosqo runasimi | |
| Native to | Peru |
Native speakers | (c. 1.5 million cited 1989–2002)[1] |
Quechuan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:quz – Cuscoqve – Eastern Apurímac |
| Glottolog | cusc1236 Cuscoeast2551 Eastern Apurímac |
| ELP | Cuzco Quechua |
Cuzco Quechua (Quechua: Qusqu qhichwa simi) is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Cuzco and the Cuzco Region of Peru.
It is the Quechua variety used by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cuzco, which also prefers the Spanish-based five-vowel alphabet.[2] On the other hand, the official alphabet used by the ministry of education has only three vowels.[3]
Phonology
There is debate about whether Cuzco Quechua has five /a, e, i, o, u/ or three vowel phonemes: /a, ɪ, ʊ/.[4] While historically Proto-Quechua clearly had just three vowel phonemes /*a, *ɪ, *ʊ/, and although some other Quechua varieties have an increased number of vowels as a result of phonological vowel length emergence or of monophthongization, the current debate about the Cuzco variety seems to be not phonological in matter but just orthographic.[5]
| Phoneme | IPA Phonetic realizations | 3-vowel alphabet | 5-vowel alphabet |
|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | [æ, a, ɑ] | a | a |
| /ɪ/ | [i, ɪ, e, ɛ] | i | i [i, ɪ], e [e, ɛ] |
| /ʊ/ | [u, ʊ, o, ɔ] | u | u [u, ʊ], o [o, ɔ] |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | plain | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | q | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | x | χ | h | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Approximant | plain | j | w | ||||
| lateral | l | ʎ | |||||
| Flap | ɾ | ||||||
Grammar
Pronouns
| [6] | Cuzco Quechua | Northern Quechua | Ancash Quechua | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1º | noqa/ñoqa | ñuka | nuqa | I |
| 2º | qan | kan | qam | you |
| 3º | pay | pay | pay | he, she, it |
| 4º | noqanchis/ñoqanchis | ñukanchik (ñukapash kanpash) | nuqantsik | we (inclusive) |
| 5º | noqayku/ñoqayku | ñukanchik (shinapash mana kan/kikin) | nuqakuna | we (exclusive) |
| 6º | qankuna | qamkuna | qamkuna | you (plural) |
| 7º | paykuna | paykuna | paykuna | they |
Nouns
| Function | Suffix | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix indicating number | Plural | -kuna | wasikuna | houses |
| Possessive suffix | 1st person singular | -y | wasiy | my house |
| 2nd person singular | -yki | wasiyki | your house | |
| 3rd person singular | -n | wasin | his/her/its house | |
| 1st person plural (incl.) | -nchis | wasinchis | our house (incl.) | |
| 1st person plural (excl.) | -y-ku | wasiyku | our house (excl.) | |
| 2nd person plural | -yki-chis | wasiykichis | your (pl.) house | |
| 3rd person plural | -n-ku | wasinku | their house | |
| Suffixes indicating case | nominative | – | wasi | the house (subj.) |
| accusative | -(k)ta | wasita | the house (obj.) | |
| instrumental | -wan | wasiwan | with the house, and the house | |
| abessive | -naq | wasinaq | without the house | |
| dative | -paq | wasipaq | to the house | |
| genitive | -q/-pa | wasiq | of the house | |
| causative | -rayku | wasirayku | because of the house | |
| benefactive | -paq | wasipaq | for the house | |
| locative | -pi | wasipi | at the house | |
| directional | -man | wasiman | towards the house | |
| inclusive | -piwan, puwan | wasipiwan, wasipuwan | including the house | |
| terminative | -kama, -yaq | wasikama, wasiyaq | up to the house | |
| transitive | -(rin)ta | wasinta | through the house | |
| ablative | -manta, -piqta | wasimanta, wasipiqta | off/from the house | |
| comitative | -(ni)ntin | wasintin | along with the house | |
| immediate | -raq | wasiraq | first the house | |
| intrative | -pura | wasipura | among the houses | |
| exclusive | -lla(n) | wasilla(n) | only the house | |
| comparative | -naw, -hina | wasinaw, wasihina | like the house | |
Adjectives
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Verbs
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See also
References
- ^ Cusco at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Eastern Apurímac at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Nancy Hornberger & Kendall King, "Authenticity and Unification in Quechua Language Planning" Language, Culture and Curriculum 11 3 (1998): 390 - 410. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=gse_pubs
- ^ Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani Valer. Yachakuqkunapa Simi Qullqa - Qusqu-Qullaw Qhichwa Simipi Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine (Quechua-Quechua-Spanish dictionary). Lima: Ministerio de Educación, 2005.
- ^ "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ Adelaar, Willem F. H. (2014). The Andean three-vowel system and its effect on the development of a modern orthography for the Aimaran and Quechuan languages. Scripta, 6, 33–46. Available at <https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/71388>.
- ^ "Personal pronouns in Quechua Cusco". Quechua Language. 2019-12-23. Archived from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
External links
- Simi Taqe Qheswa - Español - Qheswa (Qheswa simi hamut'ana kuraq suntur), Qosqo, Peru, 2006 (pdf 3,8 MB). Dictionary of the AMLQ: Cusco-Quechua - Spanish, Spanish - Cusco-Quechua.
- Collections in the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
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