Country of Towns

In the archaeology of Russia, the Country of Towns (Russian: Страна городов, strana gorodov) is a tentative term for a territory in the southern Trans-Urals where a number of middle Bronze Age (~2,000 BC) fortified settlements of the Sintashta culture were found in the 1970s and 1980s.^[1] The best known site of the territory is Arkaim.

Since the discovery of the Sintashta culture, aerial photography has revealed that there is a compactly grouped number of town-type settlements (over 20) in the northern steppe of the southern Trans-Urals, within an area bounded roughly 350~400 km north–south and 120~150 km east–west between Magnitorgorsk and Chelyabinsk in Orenburg region, Chelyabinsk region, Northern Kazakhstan and Bashkortostan. Therefore, in the 2000s, the principal investigator of this area, Gennady Zdanovich,^[2]^[3] grouped them under the tentative term "Country of Towns". Since then, while some archaeologists recognize this term as a metaphor, others insist on the literal understanding.^[1]

A colleague of Zdanovich, Fyodor Petrov, criticizes Zdanovish's views on the described territory as a unique compact object and considers the apparent compactness as an artifact of the incomplete and uncritical archaeological research. He mentions that earlier Zdanovich himself reported even more compact archaeological groupings of this type. He also writes that there are more Sintashta-type settlements discovered in Orenburg Oblast, so that when taken into an account, they would significantly blur the "clearly defined" boundaries of the "Country of Towns".^[4]

References

^ a b Andrey Bersenev, Andrey Epimakhov and Dmitry Zdanovich, SINTASHTA BOW OF THE BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTH TRANS-URALS, RUSSIA, in: "Bronze Age Warfare: Manufacture and Use of Weaponry", 2011, ISBN 978 1 4073 0822 7
^ Zdanovich, G. B. and Zdanovich, D. G. 2002. The ‘Country of Towns’ of Southern Trans-Urals", in: Ancient Interactions: Wast and West of Eurasia, pp 249–263. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
^ Зданович Г. Б., Батанина И. М. Аркаим — Страна городов: Пространство и образы: (Аркаим: горизонты исследований), Челябинск, Южно-Уральское книжное издательство, Издательство Крокус, 2007, 260 pp. ISBN 978-5-902165-18-7, ISBN 5-7688-0964-3
^ Петров Ф.Н. (Fyodor Petrov), Поселение Аркаим в культурном пространстве эпохи бронзы, 2009, II. Страна городов - мифы и реальность Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine

[bez-1] Andrey Bersenev, Andrey Epimakhov and Dmitry Zdanovich, SINTASHTA BOW OF THE BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTH TRANS-URALS, RUSSIA, in: "Bronze Age Warfare: Manufacture and Use of Weaponry", 2011, ISBN 978 1 4073 0822 7

[2] Zdanovich, G. B. and Zdanovich, D. G. 2002. The ‘Country of Towns’ of Southern Trans-Urals", in: Ancient Interactions: Wast and West of Eurasia, pp 249–263. Cambridge, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

[3] Зданович Г. Б., Батанина И. М. Аркаим — Страна городов: Пространство и образы: (Аркаим: горизонты исследований), Челябинск, Южно-Уральское книжное издательство, Издательство Крокус, 2007, 260 pp. ISBN 978-5-902165-18-7, ISBN 5-7688-0964-3

[4] Петров Ф.Н. (Fyodor Petrov), Поселение Аркаим в культурном пространстве эпохи бронзы, 2009, II. Страна городов - мифы и реальность Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine