List of capitals of India

This is a list of locations which have served as the capital city of major historical empires in the Indian subcontinent as well as the modern day nation of India since 1858. The current capital city of the Indian Republic is New Delhi, which replaced Calcutta in 1911.

Ancient period

Rajgir : Initial capital of the Magadha Empire from 6th century BCE to 460 BCE, called Girivraj at the time. ^[1]
Pataliputra: Capital of the Magadha Empire under the following dynasties:

Nanda dynasty

Maurya dynasty

Gupta dyansty

Pataliputra also served as the capital of the Pala Empire for a brief period.
Begram and Mathura: Summer and winter capitals respectively of the Kushan Empire
Dharanikota near Amaravati and Pratishthānapura: Capitals of Satavahana Empire
Srikakulam, Krishna district: Capital of Satavahana dynasty
Kandapura: Capital of Ananda Gotrika
Rajahmundry: Capital of Eastern Chalukya Kingdom, Reddi Kingdom
Vangipuram or Peddavegi: Capital of Salankayana dynasty and Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
Vijayapuri South or Nagarjunakonda: Capital of Andhra Ikshvakus
Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam): Capital of Eastern Ganga dynasty
Kannauj: Capital of Harshavardhana's short-lived empire; also of Pratiharas.
Manyakheta, Avanti: Capitals of Rashtrakuta dynasty and Pratihara Empire respectively.
Gadhipur: center of administration of the Gupta dynasty. Capital under Jamwal kings Gaadhi and Vishvamitra.
Karur: Capital of Cheras
Dharapuram: Capital of Kongu Nadu
Puhar: Capital of Early Cholas.
Madurai: Capital of Pandyas
Gauḍa: Capital of Pala dynasty along with Pataliputra
Sigal: First capital of the Sakas 70bce-400
Taxila: Second capital of the Sakas 70bce-400
Mathura: Third capital of the Sakas 70bce-400
Sagala: Capital of the Indo-Greeks
Bhinmal: Capital of Gurjara Empire

Jaunpur: Capital of Sharqī dynasty (1394–1479).

Medieval period

Agra: Capital of Sikandar Lodi at the time of the Lodhi dynasty. Sultan Sikandar Lodī (1488–1517) was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in 1506.
Vijayanagara: Capital of Vijayanagara Empire from early 14th Century until 1585, when it was abandoned, ostensibly due to lack of water.
Patna: Sher Shah Suri's Empire Capital between 1538/1540 and 1556 and also served as Capital of Bihar Subah under Mughals.
Allahabad: The city was a provincial capital in the Mughal Empire and was the headquarters of Jahangir from 1599 to 1604.^[2]
Ghor: Capital of Ghurid Sultanate
Budaun: Capital of Iltutmish empire.
Kanchipuram Capital of Pallavas
Thanjavur: Capital of Cholas
Murshidabad: In 1704, nawab Murshid Quli Khan changed the seat of government from Dhaka to Murshidabad, renaming it after himself.
Pune: In 1730, Pune became the capital of the Marathas of the Maratha Empire.At this time Maratha Empire was at its peak, and became the only non-mughal capital.
Munger: Mir Qasim Ali, the Nawab of Bengal (from 1760 to 1764). In 1763, Quasim shifted his capital from Murshidabad to Munger.
Daulatabad: In 1327, Indian, under Muhammad ibn Tughluq (r. 1325-1351), forcibly moved the entire population of Delhi here, for two years, before it was abandoned due to lack of water.
Hanamkonda and Warangal: Capital of Kakatiya Dynasty
Addanki: Capital of Reddy Kingdom
Cochin (1505–1510)
Old Goa (1510–1843)
Nova Goa (1843–1961)
Pulicat: capital of Dutch Coromandel until 1690 (1610–1690; 1781–1795)
Nagapatnam: capital of Tanjore district from 1799 to 1845 under Madras Presidency of the British.
Pondicherry: capital of Puducherry union territory during French India.

Modern period

In 1858, Allahabad (now Prayagraj) became the capital of India for a day when it also served as the capital of North-Western Provinces.^[3]
During the British Raj, until 1911, Calcutta was the capital of India.^[4]
By the latter half of the 19th century, Shimla had become the summer capital.^[5]
King George V proclaimed the transfer of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi at the climax of the 1911 Delhi Durbar on 12 December 1911. The buildings housing the Viceroy, government, and parliament were inaugurated in early 1931.

References

^ "Rajgir: On Hallowed Ground". 3 September 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2020. between the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, all roads led to the great city of Rajgir
^ Pletcher, Kenneth (15 August 2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 128. ISBN 9781615301423. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
^ Ashutosh Joshi (1 January 2008). Town Planning Regeneration of Cities. New India Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-8189422820.
^ Hall, Peter (2002). Cities of tomorrow. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 198–206. ISBN 0-631-23252-4.
^ Charles Allen, Kipling Sahib, London, Little Brown, 2007

[1] "Rajgir: On Hallowed Ground". 3 September 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2020. between the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, all roads led to the great city of Rajgir

[2] Pletcher, Kenneth (15 August 2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 128. ISBN 9781615301423. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

[3] Ashutosh Joshi (1 January 2008). Town Planning Regeneration of Cities. New India Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-8189422820.

[Hall-4] Hall, Peter (2002). Cities of tomorrow. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 198–206. ISBN 0-631-23252-4.

[ReferenceA-5] Charles Allen, Kipling Sahib, London, Little Brown, 2007