Brazil–Russia relations

Brazil–Russia relations
Map indicating locations of Brazil and Russia

Brazil
Russia
Russian President Vladimir Putin and the President of Brazil Lula in 2005

Brazil–Russia (Russian: Российско-бразильские отношения or Бразильско-российские отношения, Portuguese: relações russo-brasileiras) relations have seen significant improvement in recent years, characterized by increased commercial trades and cooperation in military and technology segments. The two countries maintain important partnerships in areas such as space, military technologies, and telecommunications.[1]

According to a 2017 report by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, 35% of Brazilians have a favourable view of Russia, while 36% expressed an unfavourable view.[2]

Both Brazil and Russia are members of BRICS, a group of major emerging economies which prior to the 1st of January 2023 included Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.[3] After the 1st of January it now also includes Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates.[4]

Country comparison

 Brazil  Russia
Flag
State Emblem / National Emblem
Population 217,118,817 144,164,506
Area 8,515,767 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi) 17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi) (without Crimea)
Population density 25/km2 (64.7/sq mi) 8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi)
Capital Brasília Moscow
Largest city São Paulo
Government Federal presidential constitutional republic Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic
Legislature National Congress of Brazil Federal Assembly (Russia)
Current Leader President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Vice President Geraldo Alckmin 		President Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin
Military Brazilian Armed Forces Russian Armed Forces
Official languages Portuguese Russian
Main religions 86.8% Christianity, 8.0% No religion 73% Christianity, 15% No religion, 10% Islam, 2% Others
Ethnic groups 47.73% White, 43.13% Mixed, 7.61% Black 80.9% Russian, 3.9% Tatar, 1.4% Ukrainian, 1.1% Bashkir, 1.0% Chuvash, 1.0% Chechen, 10.7% Others
Human Development Index (HDI) 0.761 (high)[5] — 79th 0.824 (very high) — 49th
GDP (PPP) $3.596 trillion ($17,016 per capita) $4.135 trillion ($28,184 per capita)

History

Diplomatic relations between Brazil and Russia were initiated on October 3, 1828,[6] making Brazil the first South American and first Latin American country with formalized tied to Russia. In 1876, the Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro II, paid a private visit to Russia.[7]

The diplomatic relations were interrupted twice: in 1917, after the October Revolution (being re-established on April 2, 1945),[citation needed] and in 1947 due to the right-wing government of the Field Marshal Eurico Gaspar Dutra (re-established in 1961, during the government of Jânio Quadros).

Brazil maintained a neutral but distant relationship with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Their bilateral relations were limited to commercial trade and cooperation agreements of minimal importance. In 1988, José Sarney made the first official visit of a Brazilian Head of State to the USSR.

With the fall of the Soviet Union and the subsequent birth of the Russian Federation, talks between the two nations increased. Brazil was one of the first countries to recognize the Russian Federation as the legal successor of the Soviet Union (December 26, 1991). In 1994, Celso Amorim made the first official visit of a Brazilian Foreign Minister to Russia.

Since then, bilateral relations between Russia and Brazil have been characterized by the positive dynamics of political contacts at all levels. In 1997 the Russian-Brazilian Commission of High Level of Cooperation (CAN) was created, headed by the Head of Government of the Russian Federation and the Vice-President of the Federative Republic of Brazil and regulated by the Brazil-Russia Cooperation Treaty, signed on November 21, 1997. Its operational mechanism is the Intergovernmental Cooperation Commission (CIC).

Former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2002
Former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2002

In June 2000, the two countries signed the Basic Agreement on partnership relations. In 2001, a high-level committee headed by then Vice-President of Brazil Marco Maciel, and then Prime minister of Russia Mikhail Kasyanov, established several long-term bilateral treaties, initiating a strategic partnership between the two countries, and creating the Brazilian-Russian Governmental Commission. In 2002, President Fernando Henrique Cardoso made an official visit to Russia when the "Strategic Partnership" between the two countries was celebrated. The following year, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Igor Ivanov visited Brazil.

Continuing that path, another Vice-President of Brazil, José Alencar, travelled to Moscow in September 2003 to meet with Russian President Vladimir Putin and his senior cabinet members. The two countries signed the Brazil-Russia Military Technology and Transfer Pact, an important agreement in the area of space technology, missile defence, and military weapons transfer.

In response to an invitation made by then Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Vladimir Putin made a state visit to Brazil on November 22, 2004,[8] being the first visit of a Russian President in the history of bilateral relations, when the "Technological Alliance" was celebrated between the two countries. On October 18, 2005, during a state visit of President Lula to Moscow, the two heads of state signed the bilateral Brazil-Russia Strategic Alliance, as well as an agreement that made it possible for the Brazilian Space Agency to send the first Brazilian astronaut, Marcos Pontes, into space aboard Soyuz TMA-8.

Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva with the Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2004
Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva with the Russian President Vladimir Putin in 2004

In 2006, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov visited Brazil,[9] when the Memorandum of Understanding for the Establishment of a Mechanism for Political Dialogue and Cooperation between Mercosur and the Russian Federation was signed. On November 26, 2008, during a state visit of then President Dmitry Medvedev to Brazil, the two countries signed agreements on visa exemption,[citation needed] and cooperation in the aerospace, nuclear and defence industries.[10]

The second BRIC summit was held in Brasília, following the first in Russia.

In 2012 President Dilma Rousseff visited Russia.[11] The following year, 185 years were completed since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Brazil. On this occasion the Russian Foreign Minister and his Brazilian counterpart exchanged messages of congratulations, emphasizing coincidence of positions in the international arena and importance of future development of cooperation. Both countries advocate observance of human rights, democratic values, respect for national sovereignty, primacy of international law, reform of institutes of global economic and financial governance, and consolidation of the central role of the United Nations Security Council.

In 2014 the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, visited Brazil to participate in the VI BRICS Summit.[12] The following year the Brazilian President, Dilma Rousseff, participated in the VII BRICS Summit in Ufá.[13]

In 2017 the President of Brazil, Michel Temer, paid a visit to Russia.[14] A series of acts were signed, including:

In April 2023, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva condemned Russia's violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity and said Russia should withdraw from Ukrainian territory it has occupied since February 2022.[16]

In February 2022, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro visited Russia. He met Russian President Vladimir Putin. At the centre of the talks, the economic alliance between the two countries since Russia is a major purchaser of Brazilian beef, while Russia supplies significant amounts of potash fertilizer to the Brazilian nation. According to the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Brazil has been identified as a strategic partner in Latin America, which includes military cooperation. Both President Bolsonaro and aspiring president Lula da Silva sought close relations with Russia on all levels of government. Bolsonaro stated that Brazil was in “solidarity” with Russia. The Russian Federation likewise emphasized the 'pragmatic approach' of bilateral relations that put ideological differences aside.[17][18]

In February 2022, Brazil voted in favor of a draft United Nations Security Council resolution condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[19] However, Bolsonaro declined to condemn Russian's invasion of Ukraine. Bolsonaro stated, "Brazil will not take sides."[20] In July 2022, Bolsonaro opposed sanctions on Russia following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and stated that Russia backed Brazil's position on the sovereignty of the Amazon.[21]

Current relations

Embassy of Brazil in Moscow

In recent years, the relationship between the countries has been widened through visits by senior officials, multilateral dialogue (UN, G-20, BRICS), and increased trade and cooperation, especially in aerospace and technical-military matters.

The two countries are committed to achieving US$10 billion in trade. In 2012, the bilateral exchange registered almost US$6 billion. The number of Brazilian companies installed in Russia has grown significantly. Cooperation in sanitary and phytosanitary matters has advanced, benefiting the trade of meat as Russia is one of the largest importers of beef and pork produced in Brazil.

Brazil and Russia have converging positions on many issues on the international agenda, sharing the conviction that it is necessary to reform the structures of global governance, with a view to building an institutional architecture more consistent with the contemporary world.

The consolidation of the BRICS grouping is one of the axes of relations between Brazil and Russia. Initially seen as a purely economic concept, BRICS presents itself today as a platform for political coordination in proposing solutions to international challenges. Both countries are committed to advancing two BRICS cooperation projects - the New Development Bank and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement.

Cultural cooperation is also a sizeable aspect of the bilateral relationship. Since 2008, annual editions of the Brazilian Film Festival have been held in Russia. Russia has contributed to the training of Brazilian dancers, within the framework of the partnership created when the Bolshoi Ballet School branch opened in the city of Joinville (2001). The prospect of expanding the network of Portuguese and Russian languages in the main Russian and Brazilian universities demonstrates the growing mutual interest of students.

Russian President Vladimir Putin and Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro at the virtual 14th BRICS summit on 23 June 2022. Brazil and Russia are members of BRICS.

Brazil has an embassy in Moscow and Russia has an embassy in Brasilia.

In May 2022, Lula placed blame on Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy for Russia's invasion of Ukraine, saying "This guy is as responsible as Putin for the war".[22] Lula also repeatedly attacked NATO and the European Union as having caused the war. He accused NATO of "claiming for itself the right to install military bases in the vicinity of another country".[23]

After Germany appealed to Lula to provide military aid to Ukraine by selling it arms, Lula refused.[24]

In March 2023, Brazilian Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira said Putin would face the risk of arrest if he entered Brazil.[25]

In April 2023, Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva initially condemned Russia's violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity and said Russia should withdraw from Ukrainian territory it has occupied since February 2022.[16] He said Brazil advocates a "negotiated political solution to the conflict" and expressed "concern" about the "global consequences" of the war "in terms of food and energy security, especially in the poorest regions of the planet."[26] Lula later suggested however that Ukraine could "give up Crimea" in exchange for peace and Russia's withdrawal from the Ukrainian territory it occupied after February 2022.[27]

In December 2023, Lula said that he will invite Vladimir Putin to Brazil.[28] In February 2024, he was visited by Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov.[29]

Common membership in international organizations

BIS • BRICS • IAEA • IBRD • ICAO • ICRM • IDA • IFC • IFRCS • IHO • ILO • IMF • IMO • Inmarsat • Intelsat • Interpol • IOC • IOM • ISO • ITU • LAIA • NSG • PCA • UN • UNCTAD • UNESCO • UNHCR • UNIDO • UNITAR • UNTAET • UNWTO • UPU • WCO • WHO • WIPO • WMO

See also

References

  1. ^ Lau, Chris (2023-07-25). "Russia proposes joint research module on space station for BRICS partners". CNN. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
  2. ^ "Publics Worldwide Unfavorable Toward Putin, Russia". Pew Research Center. November 30, 2017.
  3. ^ "National rubrics". BRICS. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  4. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (4 January 2024). "BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order". Reuters. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  5. ^ "2019 Human Development Index Ranking | Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  6. ^ "Biblioteca Mário de Andrade recebe "Um Domingo na Rússia"". Prefeitura de São Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  7. ^ de Aguiar Patriota, Antonio (4 November 2021). "Brazil in Egypt: A legacy of an emperor". Ahram Online.
  8. ^ "Putin in Brazil for space talks". 22 November 2004.
  9. ^ "Russia's Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov listens to his Brazilian..." Getty Images.
  10. ^ Reuters, Russia's Medvedev in Brazil, aims to double trade, 25.11.2008
  11. ^ "President Dilma Rousseff to visit the Russian Federation – Moscow, December 13-14, 2012". Ministério das Relações Exteriores.
  12. ^ "Putin seeks BRICS moves to protect against U.S. 'sanction attacks'". Reuters. 14 July 2014.
  13. ^ "The crack in the BRICS". World Economic Forum.
  14. ^ "Visit of the President of the Republic to Russia – Moscow, June 21-22, 2017". Ministério das Relações Exteriores.
  15. ^ "History of Russia-Brazil Relations".
  16. ^ a b Osborn, Catherine (7 April 2023). "Can Brazil Negotiate an End to the War in Ukraine?". Foreign Policy.
  17. ^ McCoy, Terrence (16 February 2022). "Brazil's Bolsonaro embraced the U.S. under Trump. Now he's in 'solidarity' with Russia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  18. ^ "Press review: Why Bolsonaro visited Russia and West reluctant to see Ukraine de-escalation TASS. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  19. ^ Paraguassu, Lisandra (26 February 2022). "Despite Bolsonaro reluctance, Brazil votes against Russia on U.N. resolution". Reuters. Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  20. ^ Stargardter, Gabriel (27 February 2022). "Bolsonaro won't condemn Putin, says Brazil will remain neutral over invasion". Reuters.
  21. ^ "Brazil's Bolsonaro calls Western sanctions against Russia futile". TRT World. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  22. ^ "Lula Talks to TIME About Ukraine, Bolsonaro, and Brazil's Fragile Democracy". 4 May 2022. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 Dec 2023.
  23. ^ "Biden-Lula meeting: War in Ukraine high on the agenda". Le Monde. 10 February 2023. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  24. ^ "Lula Brushes Off Scholz's Appeal for Brazil to Send Arms to Kyiv". Bloomberg.com. 2023-01-31. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  25. ^ "Putin in Brasile rischierebbe l'arresto". Tio.ch. 21 March 2023.
  26. ^ "Brazil condemns 'violation' of Ukraine's territory amid criticism". Al Jazeera. 19 April 2023.
  27. ^ "Brazil's Lula Visits China With Ukraine Peace Talks On His Agenda". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 April 2023.
  28. ^ "Lula invites Putin to Brazil, sidesteps on war crimes arrest". POLITICO. 4 December 2023.
  29. ^ "Russian foreign minister Lavrov discussed Ukraine with Brazil's Lula, Moscow says". The Guardian. 24 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

Further reading

  • Hershberg, James G. 2020. "Soviet-Brazilian Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis." Journal of Cold War Studies.
  • Mielniczuk, Fabiano; Dall&#39, Augusto César; Zabolotsky, Boris (27 July 2018). "The Return of the Bear? Russian Military Engagement in Latin America: The Case of Brazil". Military Review. Military Review. Dall'Agnol, A. C.; Zabolotsky, B. P.; Mielnieczuk, F. (2018).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • "As Relações Russo-Brasileiras" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  • "Aliança com a Rússia" (in Portuguese). Defesa BR. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2007-05-06.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brazil–Russia relations.
  • The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research Wisconsin International Law Journal, 2015
  • (in Russian) Informational Project about Brazil
  • (in Portuguese) Russian Embassy in Brasília
  • (in English) Ministry of Foreign Relations of Brazil
  • (in Russian, Portuguese, and English) Brazilian Embassy in Moscow
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