Battle of Providien
| Battle of Providien | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Anglo-French War (1778–1783)[1] | |||||||
 Plan of the battle of Providien | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 France |
 Great Britain | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Pierre Suffren |
 Edward Hughes | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 12 ships of the line | 11 ships of the line | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 225 killed and wounded[3][4] | 567 killed and wounded[3] | ||||||
The Battle of Providien was the second in a series of naval battles fought between a British fleet, under Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes, and a French fleet, under the Bailli de Suffren, off the coast of India during the Anglo-French War. The battle was fought on 12 April 1782 off the east coast of Ceylon, near a rocky islet called Providien, south of Trincomalee.[5]
Background
In 1778, France had entered the American Revolutionary War; and in 1780 Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic after the Dutch refused to stop trading military supplies with France and America. The British had rapidly gained control over most French and Dutch outposts in India when news of these events reached India, spawning the Second Anglo-Mysore War in the process.
In March 1781, French Admiral Bailli de Suffren was dispatched on a mission to provide military assistance to French colonies in India, leading a fleet of five ships, seven transports, and a corvette to escort the transports from Brest. After a happenstance battle with the British fleet at Porto Praya in the Cape Verde Islands in April, the French fleet stopped at the Dutch-controlled Cape of Good Hope in October. Troops were left to assist the Dutch in defence of that colony while the fleet was reinforced by additional ships with command transferred to the elderly Admiral Thomas d'Estienne d'Orves. The French fleet sailed on to Île de France (now Mauritius), arriving at Port Louis in December. They then sailed for India with transports that carried nearly 3,000 men under the command of the Comte du Chemin. D'Orves died in February 1782, shortly before the fleet arrived off the Indian coast, and Suffren resumed command.
Suffren first sailed for Madras, hoping to surprise the British stronghold. When he found the fleet of Sir Edward Hughes anchored there on 15 February 1782, he turned south with the intent of landing troops at Porto Novo, hoping to march up the coast and recapture French and Dutch holdings on the way. Hughes raised anchor and sailed after Suffren. In the Battle of Sadras, both fleets suffered damage without loss of ships, but the French were able to safely land troops at Porto Novo to assist the Mysoreans. Suffren made repairs to his fleet at Pondicherry after that battle; on 23 February, he sailed out to find Hughes, who had gone to Trincomalee for repairs.
On 8 April, Hughes's fleet was spotted heading for Trincomalee. Suffren gave chase, but was unable to close for three days. Hughes had to change course on 12 April to continue toward Trincomalee, which gave Suffren the advantage of the wind.
Battle
The battle lines engaged at about 12:30 pm. Initially, some of Suffren's captains hesitated, not immediately joining in the line (as had also happened at Sadras), but eventually ten of his twelve ships were engaged against the eleven British ships. HMS Monmouth was the first ship to quit the British line after being dismasted, and HMS Superb also suffered significant damage in the early rounds. Hughes was able to regain advantage by ordering his fleet to wear ship, and the battle began to turn against the French. Around 6:00 pm, a storm arose; the combatants, close to a lee shore, broke off the battle to attend to the risks the storm presented. Darkness from the storm and then nightfall precluded further battle that day.
Aftermath
The fleets had anchored near enough to each other that Suffren again positioned for battle. Hughes, however, had a convoy to protect, and sailed for Trincomalee. Suffren sailed south and anchored at Batticaloa, which was still under Dutch control, where he spent six weeks for repairs and resupply. While there, he received orders to sail to Île de France to escort another troop convoy. Suffren chose to disregard this order, as the risk posed by Hughes to French operations required his full strength, and he could not trust his captains. The captains of Vengeur and Artésien, the two ships that stayed out of the action, were reported for their failure to obey orders, and his second-in-command was intriguing with some of the other captains against him.
Order of battle
| French line of battle [6] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ship | Rate | Guns | Navy | Commander | Casualties | Notes | ||||
| Killed | Wounded | Total | ||||||||
| Vengeur | 64-gun | 64 | .svg){kind=small}
|
Captain de Forbin | Took only a minor part in the action. [7] | |||||
| Artésien | 64-gun | 64 |
|
Captain de Bidé de Maurville | Took only a minor part in the action. [7] | |||||
| Petit Annibal | 50-gun | 50 |
|
Captain Morard de Galles | ||||||
| Sphinx | 64-gun | 64 |
|
Captain du Chilleau | ||||||
| Héros | 74-gun | 74 |
|
Captain Pierre André de Suffren Major de Moissac (flag captain) |
11 | 38 | 49 | Damage to rigging. [8] | ||
| Orient | 74-gun | 74 |
|
Captain de la Pallière | around 100 [7] | Damage to rigging. [7] | ||||
| Brillant | 64-gun | 64 |
|
Captain Armand de Saint-Félix | ||||||
| Sévère | 64-gun | 64 |
|
Captain Chevalier de Villeneuve-Cillart | ||||||
| Ajax | 64-gun | 64 |
|
Admiral Pierre André de Suffren (transferred from Héros after she was disabled)[9] Captain Bouvet |
4 | 11 | 15 [9] | Captain Bouvet incapacited. [7] | ||
| Annibal | 74-gun | 74 |
|
Captain Bernard Boudin de Tromelin | ||||||
| Flamand | 54-gun | 54 |
|
Captain de Cuverville | ||||||
| Bizarre | 64-gun | 64 |
|
Captain la Landelle-Roscanvec | ||||||
| Casualties: 130 killed, 364 wounded [10] | ||||||||||
| French light units | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ship | Rate | Guns | Navy | Commander | Casualties | Notes | ||||
| Killed | Wounded | Total | ||||||||
| Fine | frigate | 32 |
|
Lieutenant Périer de Salvert | Collided with HMS Isis before unentangling herself, then ran aground, then caught fire, but managed to save herself.[11] | |||||
| Pourvoyeuse | frigate | 32 |
|
Lieutenant Tromelin-Lanuguy[12] | ||||||
| Casualties: | ||||||||||
| British squadron | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ship | Rate | Guns | Navy | Commander | Casualties | Notes | ||||
| Killed | Wounded | Total | ||||||||
| HMS Exeter | Fourth rate | 64 | 
|
Captain King | ||||||
| HMS Sultan | Third rate | 74 |
|
Captain Watt | ||||||
| HMS Eagle | Fourth rate | 64 |
|
Captain Reddal | ||||||
| HMS Burford | Fourth rate | 64 |
|
Captain Peter Rainier | ||||||
| HMS Monmouth | Fourth rate | 64 |
|
Captain James Alms | ||||||
| HMS Superb | Third rate | 74 |
|
Admiral Edward Hughes Captain Stevens |
||||||
| HMS Monarca | Third rate | 74 |
|
Captain John Gell | ||||||
| HMS Magnanime | Fourth rate | 64 |
|
Captain Wolsely | ||||||
| HMS Isis | Fourth rate | 50 |
|
Captain Lamley | Collided with Fine[13] | |||||
| HMS Hero | Third rate | 74 |
|
Captain Hawker | ||||||
| HMS Worcester | Fourth rate | 64 |
|
Captain Wood | ||||||
| Casualties: | ||||||||||
Notes
Citations
- ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (24 April 2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. McFarland. ISBN 9781476625850.
- ^ Castex (p. 315) calls this a French victory on account of more severe damage to Hughes's fleet. Mahan (p. 566) and Malleson (p. 26) do not explicitly designate a victor.
- ^ a b Castex (2004), pp. 315–19
- ^ Malleson, p. 26
- ^ Cunat, p.128
- ^ Cunat (1852), p. 128.
- ^ a b c d e Cunat (1852), p. 133.
- ^ Cunat (1852), p. 134.
- ^ a b Cunat (1852), p. 138.
- ^ Cunat (1852), p. 140.
- ^ Cunat (1852), p. 136–137.
- ^ Annexe 2. Biographie de Jacques Marie Boudin de Tromelin, seigneur de Lanuguy. CNRS Alpha. CNRS Éditions. 28 November 2019. pp. 245–261. ISBN 9782271130426. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Cunat, p. 136
References
- Castex, Jean-Claude (2004). Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises. Presses Université Laval. ISBN 978-2-7637-8061-0.
- Cunat, Charles (1852). Histoire du Bailli de Suffren. Rennes: A. Marteville et Lefas. p. 447.
- Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1898). Major operations of the royal navy, 1762-1783: Being chapter XXXI. in The royal navy. A history. Little, Brown. p. 552.
Mahan suffren providien.
- Malleson, George Bruce (1884). Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas. W.H. Allen.