Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)

Second Battle of Breitenfeld
Part of the Thirty Years' War

Contemporary engraving depicting the battle
Date2 November 1642 (N.S.)[1]
Location
Breitenfeld, Saxony (present-day Germany)
Result Swedish victory
Belligerents
Sweden Sweden  Holy Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Sweden Lennart Torstensson
Sweden Arvid Wittenberg
Sweden Erik Slang  †
Sweden Johan Lilliehöök  †		 Holy Roman Empire Archduke Leopold Wilhelm
Holy Roman Empire Ottavio Piccolomini
Holy Roman Empire Annibale Gonzaga
Holy Roman Empire Hans Christoph von Puchheim
Holy Roman Empire Ernst Roland von Suys  (POW)
Strength

20,000

  • 10,000 infantry[2]
  • 10,000 cavalry[2]
70 guns

26,000

  • 10,000 infantry[3]
  • 16,000 cavalry[3]
46 guns
Casualties and losses

4,000

  • 2,000 killed[4]
  • 2,000 wounded[4]

8,000–9,500

  • 3,000–5,000 dead or wounded[4][5]
  • 4,500–5,000 captured[4][5]
46 guns

The Second Battle of Breitenfeld, also known as the First Battle of Leipzig, took place during the Thirty Years' War on 2 November 1642 at Breitenfeld, north-east of Leipzig in Germany. A Swedish Army commanded by Lennart Torstensson decisively defeated an Imperial Army under Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his deputy Ottavio Piccolomini.[6]

Victory allowed the Swedes to occupy and establish a secure base in Leipzig, the second most important town in the Electorate of Saxony. However, although significantly weakened by the defeat and forced onto the defensive, the Imperial Army prevented them from fully exploiting their victory and kept John George I, Elector of Saxony from making peace with Sweden.

Prelude

During 1641, the Swedish army narrowly escaped the pursuit by Imperials and Bavarians after its failed attack on the Imperial Diet in Regensburg in January. Its commander Johan Banér lost several thousand men at the battles of Neunburg and Preßnitz until his untimely death at Halberstadt in May. With the help of their French and Guelph allies, the remnant of the Swedes repelled the Imperials at Wolfenbüttel[7] but only the arrival of Lennart Torstensson in November with fresh recruits and the outstanding pay saved them from mutiny.[8] The Emperor's peace with the Guelphs in the Treaty of Goslar removed the strategic link between the Swedes and the French army under Jean-Baptiste Budes de Guébriant, forcing the French to turn west where they defeated an Imperial army under Guillaume de Lamboy at Kempen in early 1642.[9]

Because of Kempen, the Westphalian army under Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Bavarians under Franz von Mercy split up from the main Imperial force to contain Guébriant's advance.[10][11] Both Imperials and Swedes moved to the east where the Swedes pitched winter quarters in Brandenburg that had declared neutrality in 1641. Brandenburg' denial of military access to the Imperials prevented them from assaulting the Swedes in February 1642. Therefore, the Imperial commander Archduke Leopold Wilhelm was compelled to retreat from Genthin in the Bishopric of Magdeburg to move into winter quarters in late February.[11] While the Imperials were still obtaining quarters in April, the Swedes already started their campaign.[12]

The new Swedish commander Torstensson planned a major offensive in 1642 to strike into the Habsburg lands. While a mobile force under Hans Christoff von Königsmarck raided westward towards Quedlinburg as a distraction, Torstensson moved east to Lusatia from where he invaded Silesia. He took Głogów, one of its strongest fortresses, by storm on 4 May. The Imperial commander in Silesia, Franz Albrecht of Saxe-Lauenburg, collected a small army of 7,500 men and called Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria for aid. Before being reinforced by a detachment from the main Imperial Army under Ottavio Piccolomini, Franz Albrecht tried to relieve the siege of Schweidnitz. Tricked into attacking a much larger Swedish force on 31 May, his troops were overwhelmed and he himself mortally wounded.[13]

Piccolomini withdrew to Brno to join up with the Archduke, while on 14 June Torstensson captured Olomouc in Moravia after a short siege. After collecting superior forces, the Imperials forced the outnumbered Swedes back into Silesia pursued by the Archduke. Leaving a blockading corps at Olomouc, on 25 July his vanguard under Raimondo Montecuccoli defeated a Swedish detachment at Troppau which was screening the siege of Brieg, forcing Torstensson to abandon it and retreat across the Oder river. The Archduke laid siege to Głogów on 10 August but abandoned it on 12 September when Torstensson offered him battle in front of the fortress. The Swedish army was now large enough to put the Imperials under pressure and they pulled back to the Bohemian border where they entrenched themselves and used their light cavalry to harass the Swedish supply lines. Withdrawing into Saxony in October, Torstensson laid siege to Leipzig, the second-largest city in Saxony and an important stronghold for John George I, Elector of Saxony, an Imperial ally.[14]

Battle

Map of the battle.

The fast approach of the Imperial Army under the Archduke and Piccolomini forced Torstensson to lift the siege of Leipzig on 1 November. Assuming the Swedes were in disorderly retreat, the Archduke and his war council decided to attack against the advice of Piccolomini who considered them too strong for a direct assault. The Swedes retreated to better positions outside Breitenfeld where they awaited an attack.[15]

The Imperials had 26,000 men and 46 guns against 20,000 and 70 respectively for the Swedes.[1] Despite the disparity in numbers, the two forces were roughly equivalent because the Imperial army included many irregular Croatian and Hungarian cavalry of questionable combat value, as well as some dragoons and old-fashioned arquebusier regiments. In contrast, the Swedish cavalry was almost exclusively formed out of heavy cuirassiers. Both sides placed their cavalry on the wings, with the infantry in the centre, split into two subgroups because a small forest, the Linkelwald, bisected the Imperial lines.[16]

Battle began in the early morning of 2 November with an artillery duel in which Swedish infantry commander Johan Lilliehöök was mortally wounded. The Swedes crossed the Rietzschke river[1][16] and their right wing under Arvid Wittenberg attacked the Imperial left. Its commander Hans Christoph von Puchheim had not yet fully deployed his troops and some of his regiments took flight, allegedly led by Madlo's regiment of arquebusiers in the front line, followed by a number of neighbouring units and most of the Saxon regiments holding the second line.[16][17] The remainder were rallied by Colonel Nicola who repulsed two Swedish attacks with the support of the reserve cavalry under Ernst Roland von Suys before a third assault broke through, killing Nicola and several other officers.[18]

On the other side of the battlefield, the result was the opposite. The Imperial right under Annibale Gonzaga and Count Bruay shattered most of the Swedish left under Erik Slang and pushed them back onto their reserve under Königsmarck which continued to resist.[18] Torstensson now decided to split his victorious right; one part under Torsten Stålhandske pursued the fleeing Imperial left, while the rest under Wittenberg moved behind the Imperial centre to attack their right from behind. Under pressure from two sides, this broke while Piccolomini and the Archduke used their personal bodyguards along with the Alt- and Neu-Piccolomini, Mislik, Borneval and Luttke regiments as a rear guard to cover their retreat. Although the infantry north of the Linkelwald escaped, the group to the south was encircled by the Swedish cavalry and forced to surrender.[19]

The Imperial Army lost all 46 guns along with 3,000 to 5,000 dead or wounded plus another 4,500 or 5,000 taken prisoner,[4][5] including generals Suys and Fernemont.[20] Swedish casualties were 4,000 dead or wounded;[5] Generals Lilliehöök and Slang were killed, while General Stålhandske, commander of the Finnish Hakkapeliitta cavalry, was seriously wounded.[21]

Aftermath

The Swedes failed to take Freiberg in early 1643

Rather than a renewed offensive, Torstensson renewed the siege of Leipzig which held out until 7 December. Its loss gave the Swedes a secure base in Saxony and was a serious blow to Elector John George, although most of the Imperial prisoners who joined the Swedish army after Breitenfeld deserted during the siege. Axel Lillie was appointed commander of Leipzig and enforced a large contribution of 150,000 talers. On 29 December, Wittenberg captured Chemnitz while Torstensson conferred with the French commander Guébriant. In early January, the Swedes besieged Freiberg, whose Saxon garrison resisted stubbornly and repelled a major assault on 13 January. Having rebuilt the Imperial Army in Bohemia, Piccolomini arrived outside Freiberg on 27 February, forcing the Swedes to abandon the siege,[22] an action that may have stopped John George from leaving the war.[23]

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm assembled a court-martial in Prague which sentenced the Madlo regiment to exemplary punishment at Rokycany. Six regiments, which had distinguished themselves in the battle, were assembled fully armed and surrounded Madlo's regiment, which was severely rebuked for its cowardice and misconduct and ordered to lay down its arms, after which their regimental colours were torn in pieces. In a process known as decimation, lots were drawn and every 10th soldier of the regiment and 5 officers were executed next day.[24]

Defeat ignited antagonism in the army between Germans and Italians, commonly called "Welsche" or "Walsche", who claimed it was due to the collapse of the mostly German left wing under Puchheim, who in turn argued the mostly Italian right under Gonzaga had failed to support them. The court-martial of Madlo's regiment seemed to confirm the guilt of the left wing but did not calm tempers. When the Archduke asked Hatzfeld, who had arrived with reinforcements in January 1643, to take over command while he travelled to Vienna, Hatzfeld refused saying he could not repair the mistakes of the Italians. Confronted with this insubordination, the Archduke resigned his command and in February was temporarily replaced by Piccolomini before he decided to enter Spanish service and stepped down in April.[25] The returning Trentine general Matthias Gallas took over command, largely because he was acceptable to both Germans and Italians.[26] Most of the Italian generals like the Gonzagas or Montecuccoli chose to retire or depart for Italy to fight in the First War of Castro. Only Bruay was persuaded by the Emperor to stay instead of following Piccolomini.[20]

In April, the Swedes started their next offensive. Gallas anticipated their aim of resupplying Olomouc and tried to block their way with a strong defensive position at Hradec Králové and by refusing them any crossing of the Elbe. Torstensson avoided Gallas' main force and feinted an attack at Brandýs nad Labem to distract the Imperials. In the meantime, he attained a crossing at Mělník. He moved forward and reached northern Moravia prior to Gallas where he resupplied the Swedish garrisons. Gallas and the Imperials followed him over Brno and again took a defensive position in front of the Swedes. The Imperials used their superior light cavalry to harass the Swedes in skirmishes. The Swedes held out until October when they retreated into Silesia and then left Habsburg territory entirely to attack Denmark in the Torstenson War.[27]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Wilson 2011, p. 636.
  2. ^ a b Guthrie 2003, p. 115.
  3. ^ a b Guthrie 2003, p. 116.
  4. ^ a b c d e Clodfelter 2017, p. 41.
  5. ^ a b c d Wilson 2011, p. 638.
  6. ^ The second battle was 11 years after the first battle at the crossroads village where the Swedish forces under Gustavus II Adolphus had handed Field Marshal Count Tilly his first major defeat on the same plain.
  7. ^ Wilson 2011, pp. 626–630.
  8. ^ Höbelt 2016, p. 298.
  9. ^ Wilson 2011, pp. 632–633.
  10. ^ Höbelt 2016, pp. 304–306.
  11. ^ a b Höbelt 2016, pp. 316–319.
  12. ^ Höbelt 2016, pp. 322–324.
  13. ^ Guthrie 2003, pp. 107–108.
  14. ^ Guthrie 2003, pp. 108–109.
  15. ^ Guthrie 2003, pp. 109–110.
  16. ^ a b c Guthrie 2003, p. 117.
  17. ^ Wilson 2011, p. 637.
  18. ^ a b Guthrie 2003, p. 118.
  19. ^ Guthrie 2003, p. 119.
  20. ^ a b Höbelt 2016, p. 345.
  21. ^ Guthrie 2003, p. 121.
  22. ^ Guthrie 2003, pp. 122–123.
  23. ^ Höbelt 2016, p. 341.
  24. ^ Boettger 1882, pp. 53–54.
  25. ^ Höbelt 2016, pp. 341–344.
  26. ^ Höbelt 2016, p. 347.
  27. ^ Guthrie 2003, pp. 123–124.

References

  • Boettger, Hermann (1882). Die Ereignisse um Leipzig im Herbst 1642 (in German). Halle: Max Niemeyer.
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474707.
  • Guthrie, William P. (2003). The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313324086.
  • Höbelt, Lothar (2016). Von Nördlingen bis Jankau: Kaiserliche Strategie und Kriegsführung 1634-1645 (in German). Wien: Heeresgeschichtliches Museum. ISBN 978-3902551733.
  • Wilson, P. (2011). The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674062313.

51°20′25″N 12°22′29″E / 51.3403°N 12.3748°E / 51.3403; 12.3748

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