Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din
| Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din بادلاي بن سعد الدين | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th Sultan of the Sultanate of Adal | |||||
| Reign | mid-15th century | ||||
| Predecessor | Jamal ad-Din II | ||||
| Successor | Muhammad ibn Badlay | ||||
| Died | 25 December 1445 Dawaro | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Walashma dynasty | ||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||
Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din II (Arabic: بادلاي بن سعد الدين) (also known as Sihab ad-Din Ahmad Badlay,[1][2] Arwe Badlay – "Badlay the Beast" (died 25 December 1445) was a Sultan of the Sultanate of Adal and a son of Sa'ad ad-Din II. Brought numerous Christian lands under Muslim rule and contributed to expanding Adal's reach and power in the region. The polity under Sultan Badlay controlled the territory stretching from port city of Suakin in Sudan to covering the whole Afar plains to the Shewa and Chercher Mountains to include significant portions of Somaliland.[3] Sultanate of Mogadishu was also tributary state of Adal under Badlay.[4] He was of a Somali ethnic background.[5][6][7][8]
Reign
After succeeding his brother Jamal Ad-Din, Sultan Badlay moved the capital of Adal to Dakkar (a few miles southeast of Harar) upon his ascension; Richard Pankhurst states that he founded that town.[9]
In the next few years he continued his predecessor's policy of confrontation with the Christian Ethiopian Empire and he carried out several successful expeditions and succeeded in capturing the province of Bale. He brought numerous Christian lands under his rule, and burnt many of their towns, Al-Maqrizi says, and he burnt many churches in the Christian Ethiopian lands. He also killed many Christian leaders, and seized their inhabitants, together with much booty. He and his men collected a great deal of wealth, in gold, silver, clothes and armour, as well as many slaves.[10]
Some Christian documents attribute to him very ambitious plans of not only recovering the frontier Muslim provinces but also of leading a major Jihad against the whole of the Christian highlands, over which he is said to have actually nominated prospective governors.[11]
In 1445, he invaded the Ethiopian province of Dawaro, and again in 1445, before Emperor Zara Yaqob defeated and killed him in the Battle of Gomit.[12] The Royal Chronicle of Zara Yaqob reports that the Emperor cut Badlay's body into pieces and sent the parts to different parts of his realm: his head to a place called "Amba", and other parts of his body to Axum, Manhadbe, Wasel (near modern Dessie), Jejeno, Lawo, and Wiz.[13] In retaliation for the death and dismemberment of Badlay, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt ordered the patriarch of Alexandria to be tortured and threatened to execute him. The situation would eventually be defused when Yaqob freed an imprisoned Egyptian envoy.[14][15]
Sultan Badlay also apparently had a fair taste for luxury, the commercial relations that existed between the Adal Sultanate and the rulers of the Arab peninsula allowed Muslims to obtain luxury items that Christian Ethiopians, whose relations with the outside world were still blocked, could not acquire, a Christian document describing Badlay relates:
"And the robes [of the sultan] and those of his leaders were adorned with silver and shone on all sides. And the dagger which he [the sultan] carried at his side was richly adorned with gold and precious stones; and his amulet was adorned with drops of gold; and the inscriptions on the amulet were of gold paint. And his parasol came from the land of Syria and it was such beautiful work that those who looked at it marveled, and winged serpents were painted on it."[16][17]
See also
Notes
- ^ G.W.B. Huntingford, Historical Geography of Ethiopia (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 101. ISBN 0-19-726055-1
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard. The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century (Asmara, Eritrea: Red Sea Press, 1997), pp.56
- ^ Pouwels, Randall (31 March 2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780821444610.
- ^ Clark, Desmond (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780521209816.
- ^ Cerulli, Enrico (1926). Le popolazioni della Somalia nella tradizione storica locale. L'Accademia. "Cerulli suggests that the Saint "Aw Barkhdale" (Yusuf Al Kownayn) can be associated with "Yusuf Barkatla", ancestor of Umar' Walashma, founder of the Ifat dynasty"
- ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021033.
- ^ Levtzion, Nehemia; Pouwels, Randall L. (2000-03-31). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8214-4461-0.
- ^ Mire, Sada (2015). "Wagar, Fertility and Phallic Stelae: Cushitic Sky-God Belief and the Site of Saint Aw-Barkhadle, Somaliland". The African Archaeological Review. 32 (1): 93–109. ISSN 0263-0338.
- ^ Richard Pankhurst, History of Ethiopian Towns (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982), p. 49.
- ^ Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century by Richard Pankhurst p.60
- ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
- ^ J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in Ethiopia (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 75.
- ^ Identification of place names is from Huntingford, p. 104.
- ^ Shaw, Jeffrey M. (2021). The Ethiopian-Adal War, 1529-1543 : the conquest of Abyssinia. Warwick: Helion & Company. p. 39. ISBN 9781914059681.
- ^ Shinn, David Hamilton (2013). Historical dictionary of Ethiopia (2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 434. ISBN 978-0-8108-7457-2.
- ^ Fasi, M. El (1990). L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle (in French). UNESCO. p. 623. ISBN 978-92-3-201709-3.
- ^ E. Cerulli. Islam Yesterday and Today. p. 140.