BBCH-scale (peanut)
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In biology, the BBCH-scale for peanut describes the phenological development of peanuts using the BBCH-scale.
The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of peanuts are:
| Growth stage | Code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0: Germination | 00 | Dry seed |
| 01 | Beginning of seed imbibition | |
| 03 | Seed imbibition complete | |
| 05 | Radicle emerged from seed | |
| 07 | Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat | |
| 08 | Hypocotyl reaches the soil surface; hypocotyl arch visible | |
| 09 | Emergence: hypocotyl with cotyledons arising above soil surface (“cracking stage”) | |
| 1: Leaf development (main shoot) | 10 | Cotyledons completely unfolded1 |
| 11 | First true leaf (pinnate) unfolded1 | |
| 12 | 2nd true leaf (pinnate) unfolded1 | |
| 13 | 3rd true leaf (pinnate) unfolded1 | |
| 1 . | Stages continuous till ... | |
| 19 | 9 or more true leaves unfolded.1 No side shoots visible2 | |
| 2: Formation of side shoots3 | 21 | 1st side shoot visible |
| 22 | 2nd side shoot visible | |
| 23 | 3rd side shoot visible | |
| 2 . | Stages continuous till ... | |
| 29 | 9 or more side shoots visible | |
| 3: Main stem elongation (Crop cover) | 31 | Beginning of crop cover: 10% of plants meets between rows |
| 32 | 20% of plants meets between rows | |
| 33 | 30% of plants meets between rows | |
| 34 | 40% of plants meets between rows | |
| 35 | 50% of plants meets between rows | |
| 36 | 60% of plants meets between rows | |
| 37 | 70% of plants meets between rows | |
| 38 | 80% of plants meets between rows | |
| 39 | Crop cover complete: 90% of plants meets between rows | |
| 5: Inflorescence emergence | 51 | First inflorescence buds visible |
| 55 | First individual flower buds visible | |
| 59 | First flower petals visible. Flower buds still closed | |
| 6: Flowering | 61 | Beginning of flowering |
| 62 | First carpophore pegs visible | |
| 63 | Continuation of flowering | |
| 64 | First carpophore pegs visibly elongated | |
| 65 | Full flowering | |
| 66 | First carpophore pegs penetrating the soil | |
| 67 | Flowering declining4 | |
| 68 | Tip of first carpophore pegs growing horizontally in the soil | |
| 69 | End of flowering4 | |
| 7: Development of fruits and seeds | 71 | Beginning of pod development: tip of first carpophore pegs swollen (at least twice the original diameter) |
| 73 | Continuation of pod development: beginning of pod filling: first pods have attained final size and are ripening | |
| 75 | Main phase of pod development: continuation of pod filling | |
| 77 | Advanced pod filling | |
| 79 | Fresh seeds fill the cavity of the pods which have attained their final size | |
| 8: Ripening of fruits and seeds5 | 81 | Beginning of ripening: about 10% of pods developed to final size are ripe |
| 82 | About 20% of pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 83 | Continuation of ripening: about 30% of pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 84 | About 40% of pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 85 | Main phase of ripening: about 50% of pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 86 | About 60% of pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 87 | Advanced ripening: about 70% of pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 88 | About 80% of pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 89 | Full maturity: nearly all pods developed to final size are ripe | |
| 9: Senescence | 91 | About 10% of above ground parts of plant dry |
| 92 | About 40% of above ground parts of plant dry | |
| 93 | About 30% of above ground parts of plant dry | |
| 94 | About 40% of above ground parts of plant dry | |
| 95 | About 50% of above ground parts of plant dry | |
| 96 | About 60% of above ground parts of plant dry | |
| 97 | Above ground parts of plant dead | |
| 99 | Harvested product |
1 Leaves are counted from the cotyledon node (= node 0)
2 Side shoot development may occur earlier; in this case continue with principal growth stage 2
4 Only for varieties with a determinate flowering period
5 Criteria of maturity: Pericarp hard, with distinct texture, can be split open easily;
References
- Munger, L.; H. Bleiholder; H. Hack; M. Hess; R. Stauss; T. van den Boom; E. Weber (1998). "Phenological Growth Stages of the Peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) Codification and Description according to the BBCH Scale – with figures". Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 180 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.1998.tb00377.x.