Al-Hussein Mosque

Al-Hussein Mosque
مسجد الإمام ٱلحُسين
Religion
AffiliationIslam
Year consecratedOriginal:1154 Reconstructed:1874
Location
LocationCairo, Egypt
Al-Hussein Mosque is located in Egypt
Al-Hussein Mosque
Shown within Egypt
Geographic coordinates30°2′52″N 31°15′47″E / 30.04778°N 31.26306°E / 30.04778; 31.26306
Architecture
Typemosque
Style
FounderIsma'il Pasha

The al-Hussein Mosque[1][2] or al-Husayn Mosque,[3][4] also known as the Mosque of al-Imam al-Husayn[4] (Arabic: مسجد الإمام ٱلحُسين) and the Mosque of Sayyidna al-Husayn,[5][6] is a mosque and mausoleum of Husayn ibn Ali, originally built in 1154, and then later reconstructed in 1874.[7] The mosque is located in Cairo, Egypt, near the Khan El-Khalili bazaar, near-by the famous Al Azhar Mosque, in an area known as Al-Hussain.[7] It is considered to be one of the holiest Islamic sites in Egypt.[4] Some Shia Muslims believe that Husayn's head (ra's mubarak) is buried on the grounds of the mosque where a mausoleum is located today and considered to be what is left of the Fatimid architecture in the building.[4]

History

Fatimid period

According to Fatimid tradition, in the year 985, the 15th Fatimid Caliph, Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, traced the site of his great-grandfather's head through the office of a contemporary in Baghdad. It remained buried in the Shrine of Husayn's Head, Palestine, for about 250 years, until 1153.[8]: 184–186  It was "rediscovered" in 1091 at a time when Badr al-Jamali, the grand vizier under Caliph al-Mustansir, had just reconquered the region for the Fatimid Caliphate. Upon discovery, he ordered the construction of a new Friday mosque and mashhad (memorial shrine) on the site.[9]

After the 21st Fatimid Imam At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim went into seclusion, his uncle, Abd al Majid, occupied the Fatimid Empire's throne. Fearing disrespect and possible traitorous activity, the Majidi-monarch, Al-Zafir, ordered the transfer of the head to Cairo. Husayn's casket was unearthed and moved from Ashkelon to Cairo on Sunday 8 Jumada al-Thani, 548 (31 August 1153).[8]: 192–193 

Hadith inscribed at Al-Hussein Mosque.

According to historians Al-Maqrizi,[citation needed] Ahmad al-Qalqashandi,[citation needed] and Ibn Muyassar,[citation needed] the casket reached Cairo on Tuesday 10 Jumada al-Thani (2 September 1153). Taken by boat to the Kafuri (Garden), the casket was buried there in a place called Qubbat al-Daylam or Turbat al Zafr'an (currently known as al-Mashhad al-Hussaini or B'ab Mukhallaf'at al-Rasul).[citation needed] All Fatimid Imam-Caliphs, from Abdullah Al Mahdi to Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, were buried at Turbah al-Zafaran,[10] in the vicinity of the mosque and of the main Fatimid Palaces.[11]

The Grand vizier Tala'i ibn Ruzzik subsequently intended for the head to be moved to a new mosque and shrine he purposely built in 1160 (the Mosque of al-Salih Tala'i, south of Bab Zuwayla), but this transfer never occurred.[12]: 124 [13]

Ayyubid period

The building was reconstructed under the Ayyubids in 1237 and was burned down 11 years later. The Ayyubid minaret above the Bal al-Akhdar gate is the only part of the Ayyubid mosque that survives today.[14]

Regarding one of the "custodians" who brought Husayn's casket to Cairo, the famous Mamluk historian of Egypt, Mohiyuddin Abd al-Zahir, wrote:[15][16]

"When Salahuddin came to power he seized all the Palaces of the Aimmat Fatemiyeen and looted their properties and treasures. He destroyed the valuable and rare collection of hundreds of thousands of books available in libraries, along the river Nile. When he learned through his intelligence agents that one of the custodians of Raas al Imam al Husain was highly respected by the people of the city of Qahera, he surmised that perhaps he would be aware of the treasures of the Aimmat Fatemiyeen. Salahuddin issued orders to present him in his court. He inquired of him the whereabouts of the Fatemi treasures. The nobleman flatly denied any knowledge of the treasures. Salahuddin was angered, and ordered his intelligence agents to ask him through 'third-degree-torture', but the nobleman bore the torture and repeated his previous statement that he knew nothing of any treasures. Salahuddin ordered his soldiers to put a cap containing centipedes on the head of the nobleman, such a type of punishment was so severe and unbearable that none could survive even for a few minutes.

"Prior to putting the Cap of Centipedes on the head, his hair was shaved, to make it easy for the centipedes to suck blood, which in turn made holes in [his] skull. In spite of that punishment the noble custodian of Husain's Head felt no pain at all. Salahuddin ordered more centipedes to be put on the nobleman's head, but it could not kill or pain him. Finally, Salahuddin Ayyubi ordered for a tight cap full of centipedes to accomplish the result. Even this method could not torture or kill him. The Ayyubid brutes were greatly astounded further when they saw, on removing the cap, the centipedes were dead. Salahuddin asked the nobleman to reveal the secret of this miracle. The nobleman revealed as follow[s]: When Raas al Imam al Husain was brought to Qasar, Al Moizziyat al Qahera, he had carried the casket on his head. 'O Salahuddin! This is the secret of my safety.'"[excessive quote]

Recent history

Ras al-Husayn zarih inside the mosque.

To mark the site of burial, known as Ra's al-Husayn (Arabic: رَأس ٱلحُسَين) or Mashhad Ra's al-Husayn, Taher Saifuddin had a zarih built in Mumbai,[17][18] which was later installed at the mosque in 1965 just before his death. It was subsequently inaugurated by his son, Mohammed Burhanuddin.[citation needed]

According to tradition: The zarih was originally meant for Al Abbas Mosque, in Karbala, Iraq but could not be installed there: The location and the zarih had previously been measured precisely, but it simply didn't fit. Taher Saifuddin, the maker of the zarih, received divine guidance by way of intuition that out of loyalty, Al-Abbas ibn Ali—who was martyred along with his step brother, Husayn, at the Battle of Karbala—could not allow Ra's al-Husayn be without a zarih. As a consequence, Al-Abbas' zarih was flown to Cairo and installed at Ra's al-Husayn at the Al-Hussein mosque, instead.[19]

The Mosque was severely damaged by water and was restored by the Supreme Council of Antiquities in 1996. Major restoration was done to the tomb chamber, during which a replacement dome made of steel was placed over it.[14]

There were further extensive renovations done in March 2022 which included a new shrine. The mosque was then inaugurated by President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi and 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq of Dawoodi Bohras, Mufaddal Saifuddin in April 2022.[20]

Architecture

Left: One of three canopy umbrellas placed in the courtyard of the mosque. Right: Gothic-style windows and Ottoman minaret.

The building of the mausoleum was completed in 1154.[4] Of this original Fatimid architectural structure, only the lower part of the south side gate called Bab Al-Akhdar remains original in the mosque today.[7] A couple years later, a minaret was added to the original Fatimid gateway by the Ayyubids in 1237.[7] The minaret has panel carvings of overlapping lines that create patterns called arabesque popular in Islamic Architecture.[7] The different minarets among this mosque play a role in portraying the various powers that ruled Cairo and the way they laminated their power through architecture.[21] Finally in 1874, Isma'il Pasha (Khedive Isma'il) reconstructed Al-Hussein mosque inspired by the Gothic Revival Architecture.[22] Wanting to modernize Cairo, Isma'il Pasha created a mosque with Italian Gothic style and Ottoman style minarets.[7] This mixture of various architectural styles famous in Islamic architecture during the khedival time period is called Islamic eclecticism.[7]

Today, the latest addition to Al-Hussein Mosque are three large canopy umbrellas.[23] It was added to protect those praying outdoors from the sun during the summer days and from the rain during the winter.[23] They are mechanically operated and follow the designs of those at many Saudi Arabian mosques made from steel and teflon.[23] Many people still come to this mosque to pray and visit the mausoleum on a normal basis.[7] Although non-Muslims are not allowed into the building, the structure is still viewed from the outside by tourists.[7]

Bab al-Mukhallafat al-Nabawiyya al-Sharifa

The Bab al-Mukhallafat al-Nabawiyya at the Hussein Mosque

Next to Ras al-Husayn is a crypt, housing artifacts believed to belong to Muhammad.[24][25] A door laden with silver and gold was built by Mohammed Burhanuddin II and installed at the site in 1986.[26]: 134 

The room was added to the mosque in 1893. The room contains a piece of cloth believed to be part of a linen cloak once worn by the prophet, a lantern with four strands of the prophet’s hair inside it, kohl made of copper also belonging to the prophet, staff of the prophet with which he entered Mecca as a conquest and a sword that was sent to him by one of his companions. Furthermore, it includes a copy of the Quran written by Ali ibn Abi Talib written in Kufic script, containing 501 pages and written on deer skin.[27][28]

See also

References

  1. ^ Beattie, Andrew (2005). Cairo: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-19-517892-0.
  2. ^ The Rough Guide to Cairo & the Pyramids. Penguin. 2011. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-4053-8637-1.
  3. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2019). Islamic Art: Past, Present, Future. Yale University Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-300-24347-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Masjid al-Husayn". Archnet. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  5. ^ Netton, Ian Richard (2006). A Popular Dictionary of Islam. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-135-79773-7.
  6. ^ Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 256–258.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Williams, Caroline (2004). Islamic Monuments in Cairo : The Practical Guide. American University in Cairo Press – via ProQuest Ebook Central.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ a b Talmon-Heller, Daniella; Kedar, Benjamin; Reiter, Yitzhak (Jan 2016). "Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon" (PDF). Der Islam. 93. doi:10.1515/islam-2016-0008. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020.
  9. ^ Brett, Michael (2017). The Fatimid Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474421522.
  10. ^ Idris Imad al-Din ibn al-Hasan al-Quraishi (1970) [1488]. Uyun al-akhbar wa-funun al-athar fi faḍail al-Aimmah al-aṭhar. Silsilat al-turāth al-Fāṭimī. Vol. 6. Translated by Mustafa Ghalib. Dar al-Andalus. p. 738. LCCN n85038131 – via books.google.com.
  11. ^ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2018). "The Fatimid Dream of a New Capital: Dynastic Patronage and Its Imprint on the Architectural Setting". In Melikian-Chirvani, Assadullah Souren (ed.). The World of the Fatimids. Toronto; Munich: Aga Khan Museum; The Institute of Ismaili Studies; Hirmer. pp. 44–67.
  12. ^ Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  13. ^ Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire. Fayard. ISBN 2213029830.
  14. ^ a b Warner, Nicholas (2005). The monuments of historic Cairo : a map and descriptive catalogue. The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-841-4. OCLC 929659618.
  15. ^ al Muqrezi, Taqiuddin. Al Khitat wal Aas'ar (in Arabic).
  16. ^ Saifuddin, Taher. Aghar al Majalis (in Arabic). Surat: Aljamea tus Saifiyah. p. 260.
  17. ^ Address by Syedna at Raudat Tahera Inauguration (Speech). Inauguration Speech. Raudat Tahera, Mumbai. 15 Apr 1975. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020 – via thedawoodibohras.com. The zareehs adorning the mausolea of Hazrat Ali and Imam Husain exquisite pieces of art—were designed and wrought here.
  18. ^ "51st Da'i al-Mutlaq". thedawoodibohras.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 Jun 2020. Amongst the many buildings and edifices he built are Ghurratul Masajid (Saifee Masjid) in Mumbai, the Rubaat in Makkah Mukarramah, the sepulchre of Ali bin Abi TalibAS and those of Imam HusainAS and Raasul HusainAS, the mausoleum of Sydena Qutbuddin Al-ShaheedRA and that of Syedi Fakhruddin Al-ShaheedQS in Ahmedabad and Taherabad respectively.
  19. ^ Borhany, Abbas. "Brief History of Transfer of the Sacred Head of Hussain ibn Ali, From Damascus to Ashkelon to Qahera". Scribd.
  20. ^ "صور تكشف افتتاح السيسي لمسجد الحسين في مصر". سكاي نيوز عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  21. ^ Behrens-Abouseif, Doris; Warner, Nicholas; O'Kane, Bernard (2010). The Minarets of Cairo : Islamic Architecture from the Arab Conquest to the End of the Ottoman Empire.
  22. ^ Rabbat, Nasser (2008). "Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 61 – via JSTOR.
  23. ^ a b c "Al-Husayn Mosque Canopies | Presentation panel with structural details of umbrellas". Archnet. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
  24. ^ "Raas Al-Hussein (P) Mosque in Cairo". en.shafaqna.com. Shafaqna. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020.
  25. ^ Dawwah, Hani (3 Jan 2015). "بالصور في حضرة الإمام الحسين الحجرة النبوية آثار وأنوار" [Pictures in the presence of Imam Hussein The Prophet's Room, monuments and lights]. masrawy.com (in Arabic).
  26. ^ Abdulhussein, Mustafa (1 Feb 2001). Al-Dai Al-Fatimi Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin: An Illustrated Biography. Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah Trust. ISBN 978-0953625604 – via books.google.com.
  27. ^ "President Sisi, Sultan of Indian Bohra community inaugurate El-Hussein Mosque after renovation - Society - Egypt". Ahram Online. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  28. ^ عفيفي, نرمين (2022-04-27). "الرئيس السيسي يتفقد مقتنيات مسجد الحسين: «عندكم خير كتير» (صور)". الوطن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-04-28.
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