Actinopteri

Actinopteri
	Atlantic sturgeon (Chondrostei)
	Atlantic salmon (Neopterygii)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
(unranked):	Actinopteri; Cope, 1871
Subclasses
	Chondrostei; Neopterygii;

Actinopteri /æktɪˈnɒptəraɪ/ is the sister group of Cladistia (bichirs) in the class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish).

Dating back to the Permian period, the Actinopteri comprise the Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefish), the Holostei (bowfins and gars), and the teleosts. In other words all extant ray-finned fish minus the bichirs.

In this clade the lungs have evolved into a swim bladder.^[1]

Characters of Actinopteri:^[2] Paired fin structure, a single dorsal fin, fulcra, a large median gular and numerous branchiostegals, ganoid scales, and a valvula cerebelli in the brain.

Classification

The following cladogram^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] summarizes the evolutionary relationships of extant Actinopteri. Divergence time for each clade in mya are based on:^[7]

Actinopteri 400 mya

Chondrostei

Acipenseriformes (sturgeons, paddlefish)

Neopterygii 360 mya

Teleostei 310 mya

Holostei 275 mya

Halecomorphi	Amiiformes (bowfin)

Ginglymodi	Lepisosteiformes (gars, alligator gars)

References

^ Dorsoventral inversion of the air-filled organ (lungs, gas bladder) in vertebrates: RNA-sequencing of laser capture microdissected embryonic tissue
^ Patterson, Colin (1982). "Morphology and Interrelationships of Primitive Actinopterygian Fishes". American Zoologist. 22 (241): 241–259. doi:10.1093/icb/22.2.241.
^ Betancur-R (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
^ Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9781118342336.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Actinopterygii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
^ R. Froese and D. Pauly, ed. (February 2006). "FishBase".
^ Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.

[1] Dorsoventral inversion of the air-filled organ (lungs, gas bladder) in vertebrates: RNA-sequencing of laser capture microdissected embryonic tissue

[2] Patterson, Colin (1982). "Morphology and Interrelationships of Primitive Actinopterygian Fishes". American Zoologist. 22 (241): 241–259. doi:10.1093/icb/22.2.241.

[3] Betancur-R (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2017-03-29.

[4] Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9781118342336.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] "Actinopterygii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 April 2006.

[6] R. Froese and D. Pauly, ed. (February 2006). "FishBase".

[PNAS-7] Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.