2004 Spanish general election

2004 Spanish general election
← 2000 14 March 2004 2008 →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 259) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered34,571,831 1.8%
Turnout26,155,436 (75.7%)
7.0 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Mariano Rajoy Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida
Party PSOE PP CiU
Leader since 22 July 2000 2 September 2003 24 January 2004
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Barcelona
Last election 125 seats, 34.2%[a] 183 seats, 44.5% 15 seats, 4.2%
Seats won 164 148 10
Seat change 39 35 5
Popular vote 11,026,163 9,763,144 835,471
Percentage 42.6% 37.7% 3.2%
Swing 8.3 pp 6.8 pp 1.0 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Josu Erkoreka Gaspar Llamazares
Party ERC EAJ/PNV IU
Leader since 2 February 2004 2004 29 October 2000
Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Madrid
Last election 1 seat, 0.8% 7 seats, 1.5% 9 seats, 6.0%[b]
Seats won 8 7 5
Seat change 7 0 4
Popular vote 652,196 420,980 1,284,081
Percentage 2.5% 1.6% 5.0%
Swing 1.7 pp 0.1 pp 1.0 pp
Election results by Congress of Deputies constituency
Prime Minister before election

José María Aznar
PP

Prime Minister after election

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
PSOE

The 2004 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 14 March 2004, to elect the 8th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 259 seats in the Senate.

The electoral outcome was heavily influenced by the aftermath of the Madrid train bombings on 11 March, as a result of which all parties suspended their electoral campaigns.[1] For two days following the attacks, the People's Party (PP) government kept blaming the terrorist organization ETA for the bombings, even in spite of mounting evidence suggesting the involvement of Islamist groups. The government was accused of misinformation, as an Islamist attack would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in the Iraq War, which had been highly unpopular among the public.[2][3]

The election result was described by some media as an "unprecedented electoral upset". The perceived abuse of the PP's absolute majority throughout the legislature, with a focus on Spain's involvement in Iraq, was said to have helped fuel a wave of discontent against the incumbent ruling party, with the government's mismanagement on the bombings serving as the final catalyst for change to happen.[4][5] At 11 million votes and 42.6%, the opposition Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) increased by 3.1 million its 2000 result, securing 164 seats—a net gain of 39. In contrast, the PP, which opinion polls earlier in the year had predicted would secure a diminished but still commanding victory, lost 35 seats and 7 percentage points, resulting in the worst defeat for a sitting government in Spain up to that point since 1982. The 75.7% turnout was among the highest since the Spanish transition to democracy, with no future general election having exceeded such a figure. The number of votes cast, at 26.1 million votes, remained the highest figure in gross terms for any Spanish general election until the April 2019 election.[6][7]

The day after the election, Zapatero announced his will to form a minority PSOE government, supported by other parties in a confidence and supply basis. Two minor left-wing parties, Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and United Left (IU), immediately announced their intention to support Zapatero's government. On 16 April 2004, Zapatero was elected as new prime minister by an outright majority of the new Congress, with 183 out of 350 members voting for him, being sworn in the next day.[8]

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[9][10] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[9][11] The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[12]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[13]

Seats Constituencies
35 Madrid(+1)
31 Barcelona
16 Valencia
12 Seville(–1)
11 Alicante
10 Málaga
9 A Coruña, Biscay, Cádiz, Murcia
8 Asturias(–1), Balearic Islands(+1), Las Palmas(+1)
7 Córdoba, Granada, Pontevedra(–1), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Badajoz, Girona(+1), Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Tarragona
5 Almería, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, León, Navarre, Toledo, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres(–1), La Rioja, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Zamora

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[9][11]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 12 March 2000, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 12 March 2004. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 17 February 2004, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 11 April 2004.[11]

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[9] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

On 9 January 2004, it was announced that the general election would be held in March,[14][15] with the election date being agreed with Andalusian president Manuel Chaves to make it being held concurrently with the 2004 Andalusian regional election.[16]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 20 January 2004 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 14 March and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 2 April.[13]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[17][18]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[11]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
PP
List
 Mariano Rajoy Conservatism
Christian democracy 		44.52% 183 127 checkY [23]
[24]
[25]
PSOE
List
 José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Social democracy 34.17%[a] 125 53[e] ☒N [26]
[27]
[28]
CiU
List
 Josep Antoni Duran i Lleida Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		4.19% 15 8 ☒N [29]
[30]
IU
List
 Gaspar Llamazares Socialism
Communism 		5.96%[b] 9 0[e] ☒N [31]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Josu Erkoreka Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism 		1.50%[f] 7 6 ☒N [32]
[33]
CC
List
 Paulino Rivero Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism 		1.07% 4 5 ☒N
BNG
List
 Francisco Rodríguez Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism 		1.32% 3 0 ☒N
PA
List
 José Antonio González Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy 		0.89% 1 0 ☒N
ERC
List
 Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		0.84% 1 —[e] ☒N [34]
[35]
[36]
EA
List
 Begoña Lasagabaster Basque nationalism
Social democracy 		0.37%[g] 1 0 ☒N [32]
[37]
[38]
CHA
List
 José Antonio Labordeta Aragonese nationalism
Eco-socialism 		0.33% 1 0 ☒N
NaBai
List
 Uxue Barkos Basque nationalism
Social democracy 		0.09%[h] 0 0 ☒N [39]
[40]
[41]
PSC–ERC–
ICV–EUiA
List
 Mercedes Aroz Catalanism
Social democracy
Eco-socialism 		Senate 8[e] ☒N [42]

The Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens (ICV) agreed to continue with the Catalan Agreement of Progress alliance for the Senate with the inclusion of United and Alternative Left (EUiA).[42] In the Balearic Islands, PSM–Nationalist Agreement (PSM–EN), United Left of the Balearic Islands (EUIB), The Greens of the Balearic Islands (EVIB) and ERC formed the Progressives for the Balearic Islands alliance.[43] A proposal for an all-left electoral alliance for the Senate in the Valencian Community, comprising the PSOE, United Left of the Valencian Country (EUPV) and the Valencian Nationalist Bloc (BNV) was ultimately discarded.[44][45][46]

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PP « Juntos vamos a más » "Together we go for more" [47]
PSOE « Merecemos una España mejor » "We deserve a better Spain" [48]
CiU « Duran per Catalunya: sentit comú » "Duran for Catalonia: common sense" [49][50][51]
IU « Con tu voto, es posible. Palabra » "With your vote, it is possible. Promise" [52]
EAJ/PNV « Tú tienes la palabra »
« Tu voz es importante en Madrid » 		"You have the word"
"Your voice is important in Madrid" 		[53]
CC « Gana Canarias, ganas tú » "The Canaries win, you win" [54]
BNG « Dálle un Sí a Galiza » "Give a Yes to Galicia" [53]
PA « Andalucía es nuestro trabajo » "Andalusia is our job" [55]
ERC « Parlant la gent s'entén » "People understand [each other] by talking" [56]
CHA « Labordeta, gente como tú » "Labordeta, people like you" [54]
NaBai « Orain da geroa! »
« ¡Ahora es el futuro! » 		"The future is now!" [57]

Opinion polls

Local regression trend line of poll results from 12 March 2000 to 14 March 2004, with each line corresponding to a political party.


Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 11,026,163 42.59 +8.42 164 +39
People's Party (PP) 9,763,144 37.71 –6.81 148 –35
United Left (IU)2 1,284,081 4.96 –0.93 5 –4
Convergence and Union (CiU) 835,471 3.23 –0.96 10 –5
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 652,196 2.52 +1.68 8 +7
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)3 420,980 1.63 +0.13 7 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC) 235,221 0.91 –0.16 3 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 208,688 0.81 –0.51 2 –1
Andalusian Party (PA) 181,868 0.70 –0.19 0 –1
Aragonese Union (CHA) 94,252 0.36 +0.03 1 ±0
Basque Solidarity (EA)3 80,905 0.31 –0.06 1 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP) 68,027 0.26 +0.16 0 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP) 37,499 0.14 +0.04 0 ±0
The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE) 30,528 0.12 New 0 ±0
Navarre Yes (NaBai)4 61,045 0.24 +0.15 1 +1
Valencian Nationalist Bloc–Green Left (Bloc–EV) 40,759 0.16 –0.09 0 ±0
Progressives for the Balearic Islands (PSM–EN, EU, EV, ER)5 40,289 0.16 –0.06 0 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 40,208 0.16 New 0 ±0
Aralar–Stand up (Aralar–Zutik) 38,560 0.15 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 36,540 0.14 –0.03 0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 34,101 0.13 +0.03 0 ±0
Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA) 24,127 0.09 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 21,758 0.08 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM) 19,600 0.08 –0.01 0 ±0
Republican Left (IR) 16,993 0.07 New 0 ±0
Cannabis Party for Legalisation and Normalisation (PCLyN) 16,918 0.07 New 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 16,699 0.06 New 0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes) 15,220 0.06 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens of the Region of Murcia (LVRM) 7,074 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens of Asturias (Verdes) 5,013 0.02 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens of Extremadura (LV) 3,133 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
National Democracy (DN) 15,180 0.06 New 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 14,160 0.05 –0.13 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 12,979 0.05 –0.01 0 ±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) 12,749 0.05 –0.04 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)6 12,266 0.05 +0.02 0 ±0
Majorcan Union (UM) 10,558 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Phalanx (FE) 10,311 0.04 –0.02 0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 8,866 0.03 –0.05 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 8,003 0.03 –0.02 0 ±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 6,768 0.03 New 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 5,677 0.02 –0.02 0 ±0
Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN) 5,573 0.02 –0.02 0 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 4,589 0.02 New 0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 4,292 0.02 –0.01 0 ±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 4,231 0.02 –0.02 0 ±0
Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) 4,092 0.02 New 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 3,916 0.02 ±0.00 0 ±0
Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO) 3,124 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Initiative for the Development of Soria (IDES) 2,934 0.01 New 0 ±0
Andalusia Assembly (A) 2,930 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa) 2,715 0.01 New 0 ±0
European Green Group (GVE) 2,662 0.01 New 0 ±0
Independent Candidacy–The Party of Castile and León (CI–PCL) 2,421 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD) 2,332 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD) 2,300 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 2,257 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Galician Coalition (CG) 2,235 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Alliance for Development and Nature (ADN) 2,215 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of Precarious Workers (PTPRE) 2,115 0.01 New 0 ±0
Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV) 2,111 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE) 2,082 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 1,970 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Union of the Salamancan People (UPSa) 1,871 0.01 New 0 ±0
The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV) 1,836 0.01 –0.04 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 1,813 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR) 1,561 0.01 New 0 ±0
Cantabrian Nationalist Council (CNC) 1,431 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 1,322 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Another Democracy is Possible (ODeP) 1,302 0.01 New 0 ±0
Independent Social Group (ASI) 1,237 0.00 New 0 ±0
Independent Social Democratic Party of the Valencian Community (PSICV) 1,096 0.00 New 0 ±0
Republican Party (PRF) 1,051 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alternative for Gran Canaria (AxGC) 957 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alliance for National Unity (AUN) 923 0.00 New 0 ±0
Left Assembly–Initiative for Andalusia (A–IZ) 901 0.00 New 0 ±0
Christian Positivist Party (PPCr) 892 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Asturian Left (IAS) 854 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 807 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL) 798 0.00 New 0 ±0
Caló Nationalist Party (PNCA) 757 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
United Zamora (ZU) 754 0.00 New 0 ±0
Union of Centrists of Menorca (UCM) 751 0.00 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) 668 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Front (FDE) 619 0.00 New 0 ±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa) 601 0.00 New 0 ±0
Andalusian Social Democratic Party (PSDA) 583 0.00 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Maga Alternative (AMAGA) 468 0.00 New 0 ±0
Balearic People's Union (UPB) 411 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
European Nation State (N) 410 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD) 407 0.00 New 0 ±0
National Workers' Party (PNT) 379 0.00 New 0 ±0
Party of The People (LG) 378 0.00 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 330 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
National Union (UN) 318 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Citizens' Convergence of the South-East (CCSE) 308 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
National Democratic Party of Spain (PDNE) 232 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spanish Absolute Honesty Political Group (GPHAE) 52 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 407,795 1.58 ±0.00
Total 25,891,299 350 ±0
Valid votes 25,891,299 98.99 –0.33
Invalid votes 264,137 1.01 +0.33
Votes cast / turnout 26,155,436 75.66 +6.95
Abstentions 8,416,395 24.34 –6.95
Registered voters 34,571,831
Sources[58][59]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 42.59%
PP
 
 37.71%
IU
 
 4.96%
CiU
 
 3.23%
ERC
 
 2.52%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.63%
CC
 
 0.91%
BNG
 
 0.81%
CHA
 
 0.36%
EA
 
 0.31%
NaBai
 
 0.24%
Others
 
 3.17%
Blank ballots
 
 1.58%
Seats
PSOE
 
 46.86%
PP
 
 42.29%
CiU
 
 2.86%
ERC
 
 2.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 2.00%
IU
 
 1.43%
CC
 
 0.89%
BNG
 
 0.57%
CHA
 
 0.29%
EA
 
 0.29%
NaBai
 
 0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 14 March 2004 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 26,639,965 37.92 –7.43 102 –25
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 25,666,070 36.53 +10.13 81 +28
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 25,664,516 36.53 +10.13 81 +28
For our Land (PSOE–PNC) 1,554 0.00 New 0 ±0
Catalan Agreement of Progress (PSC–ERC–ICV–EUiA) 6,087,158 8.66 +2.66 12 +4
United Left (IU) 2,857,366 4.07 –3.60 0 ±0
Convergence and Union (CiU) 2,670,375 3.80 –0.73 4 –4
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)2 1,219,623 1.74 +0.12 6 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 750,251 1.07 –0.36 0 ±0
Andalusian Party (PA) 487,558 0.69 –0.24 0 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC) 409,246 0.58 –0.13 3 –2
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP) 267,017 0.38 +0.30 0 ±0
The Greens–The Ecologist Alternative (EV–AE) 200,487 0.28 New 0 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (LVEP) 66,530 0.09 +0.01 0 ±0
Basque Solidarity (EA)2 227,665 0.32 –0.09 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 227,065 0.32 +0.02 0 ±0
Navarre Yes (NaBai)3 176,179 0.25 +0.21 0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Bloc–Green Left (Bloc–EV) 135,872 0.19 +0.06 0 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 124,777 0.18 –0.02 0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 92,564 0.13 +0.03 0 ±0
Aralar–Stand up (Aralar–Zutik) 92,118 0.13 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 85,877 0.12 +0.01 0 ±0
Progressives for the Balearic Islands (PSM–EN, EU, EV, ER)4 74,842 0.11 –0.11 0 ±0
Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA) 73,843 0.11 New 0 ±0
Yuntar Action (AY) 67,356 0.10 New 0 ±0
Burdened and Angry Citizens (CAyC) 66,213 0.09 New 0 ±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 64,987 0.09 New 0 ±0
Cannabis Party for Legalisation and Normalisation (PCLyN) 57,312 0.08 New 0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes) 56,672 0.08 –0.05 0 ±0
The Greens of the Region of Murcia (LVRM) 24,257 0.03 –0.01 0 ±0
The Greens of Asturias (Verdes) 17,899 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens of Extremadura (LV) 10,948 0.02 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens–Left Forum (LV–FI) 2,847 0.00 New 0 ±0
The Greens of the Canaries (Verdes) 721 0.00 –0.03 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 56,300 0.08 ±0.00 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 55,587 0.08 –0.12 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 49,495 0.07 –0.01 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)5 45,127 0.06 +0.02 0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 41,992 0.06 –0.05 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 35,476 0.05 New 0 ±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 35,385 0.05 New 0 ±0
Another Democracy is Possible (ODeP) 30,557 0.04 New 0 ±0
The Greens of the Community of Madrid (LVCM) 28,788 0.04 –0.05 0 ±0
Republican Left–Socialist Action Party (IR–PASOC) 27,973 0.04 +0.02 0 ±0
Majorcan Union (UM) 27,050 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
Carlist Traditionalist Communion (CTC) 23,852 0.03 –0.02 0 ±0
National Democracy (DN) 23,544 0.03 New 0 ±0
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 22,688 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0
The Greens–Green Group (LV–GV) 22,656 0.03 –0.04 0 ±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 19,413 0.03 New 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 18,040 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
Convergence of Democrats of Navarre (CDN) 16,946 0.02 –0.02 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 15,655 0.02 –0.01 0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 14,345 0.02 –0.01 0 ±0
Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) 13,312 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 13,150 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
Galician People's Front (FPG) 13,149 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
Lanzarote Independents Party (PIL) 11,457 0.02 ±0.00 0 –1
Initiative for the Development of Soria (IDES) 10,884 0.02 New 0 ±0
Party of Self-employed and Professionals (AUTONOMO) 10,647 0.02 ±0.00 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 10,487 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Salamanca–Zamora–León–PREPAL (PREPAL) 10,434 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Unsubmissive Seats–Alternative of Discontented Democrats (Ei–ADD) 9,040 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of Self-employed, Retirees and Widows (PAE) 8,673 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Andalusia Assembly (A) 8,355 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) 8,047 0.01 New 0 ±0
Alliance for Development and Nature (ADN) 7,807 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 7,665 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Phalanx (FE) 7,603 0.01 –0.05 0 ±0
Party of The People (LG) 7,507 0.01 New 0 ±0
The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV) 7,382 0.01 –0.07 0 ±0
Independent Candidacy–The Party of Castile and León (CI–PCL) 7,362 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Union of the Salamancan People (UPSa) 6,495 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of Precarious Workers (PTPRE) 6,171 0.01 New 0 ±0
European Nation State (N) 5,982 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Cantabrian Nationalist Council (CNC) 5,526 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
25 May Citizens' Alternative (AC25M) 5,360 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD) 5,099 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Independent Social Democratic Party of the Valencian Community (PSICV) 5,078 0.01 New 0 ±0
Canarian Popular Alternative (APCa) 4,853 0.01 New 0 ±0
Asturian Left (IAS) 4,474 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Socialist Party of Menorca–Nationalist Agreement (PSM–EN) 4,242 0.01 New 0 ±0
Republican Party (PRF) 4,206 0.01 New 0 ±0
Galician Coalition (CG) 4,173 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Caló Nationalist Party (PNCA) 3,356 0.00 New 0 ±0
Kingdom of Valencia Identity (IRV) 3,342 0.00 New 0 ±0
Romantic Mutual Support Party (PMAR) 3,277 0.00 New 0 ±0
Clean Hands Project (PML) 3,179 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Left Assembly–Initiative for Andalusia (A–IZ) 3,052 0.00 New 0 ±0
United Zamora (ZU) 2,992 0.00 New 0 ±0
Party Association of Widows and Legal Wives (PAVIEL) 2,950 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Progressives for Ibiza and Formentera (EU–ENE–ERC) 2,876 0.00 New 0 ±0
Independent Social Group (ASI) 2,620 0.00 New 0 ±0
Castilian Unity (UdCa) 2,463 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alliance for National Unity (AUN) 2,338 0.00 New 0 ±0
Liberal Centrist Union (UCL) 2,155 0.00 New 0 ±0
New Force (FN) 2,096 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,904 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Natural Culture (CN) 1,767 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
The Republic (La República) 1,686 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alternative for Gran Canaria (AxGC) 1,672 0.00 New 0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 1,640 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Immigrants with the Right to Equality and Obligations (INDIO) 1,587 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Christian Positivist Party (PPCr) 1,297 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 1,142 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD) 1,074 0.00 New 0 ±0
Union of Centrists of Menorca (UCM) 802 0.00 New 0 ±0
European Green Group (GVE) 795 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Initiative for La Palma (INPA) 722 0.00 New 0 ±0
National Workers' Party (PNT) 508 0.00 New 0 ±0
National Union (UN) 505 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Citizens' Convergence of the South-East (CCSE) 366 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
New Spanish Republicans (NRUP) 220 0.00 New 0 ±0
Cives (Cives) 199 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Balearic People's Union (UPB) 98 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Digital Citizens from Castelnou (CDC) 79 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots[i] 679,816 2.67 –0.15
Total 70,258,035 208 ±0
Valid votes 25,426,107 97.09 –0.42
Invalid votes 761,055 2.91 +0.42
Votes cast / turnout 26,187,162 75.75 +6.92
Abstentions 8,384,669 24.25 –6.92
Registered voters 34,571,831
Sources[18][58][59][60]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PP
 
 37.92%
PSOE
 
 36.53%
ECdP
 
 8.66%
IU
 
 4.07%
CiU
 
 3.80%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.74%
BNG
 
 1.07%
CC
 
 0.58%
Others
 
 4.67%
Blank ballots
 
 2.67%
Seats
PP
 
 49.04%
PSOE
 
 38.94%
ECdP
 
 5.77%
EAJ/PNV
 
 2.88%
CiU
 
 1.92%
CC
 
 1.44%

Aftermath

Investiture
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (PSOE)
Ballot → 16 April 2004
Required majority → 176 out of 350 checkY
Yes
183 / 350
No
  • • PP (148)
148 / 350
Abstentions
19 / 350
Absentees
0 / 350
Sources[61]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Results for PSOE–p (34.2%, 125 deputies) and Extremaduran Coalition (0.01%, 0 deputies) in the 2000 election.
  2. ^ a b Results for IU (5.45%, 8 deputies and 0 senators) and IC–V (0.51%, 1 deputy and 0 senators) in the 2000 election.
  3. ^ Cristina Alberdi, former PSOE legislator.[20]
  4. ^ Enrique Bellido, former PP legislator.[22]
  5. ^ a b c d The PSC–PSOE (7 senators), ERC (1 senator) and IC–V (0 senators) contested the 2000 Senate election within the Entesa alliance.
  6. ^ Results for EAJ/PNV in the 2000 election, not including Navarre.
  7. ^ Results for EA in the 2000 election, not including Navarre.
  8. ^ Results for EA (0.06%, 0 seats) and EAJ/PNV in Navarre (0.03%, 0 seats) in the 2000 election.
  9. ^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

  1. ^ "Los partidos suspenden la campaña electoral" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 11 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Protestas en las sedes del PP por los atentados del 11M" (in Spanish). RTVE. 13 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  3. ^ "El 91% de los españoles rechaza la intervención militar en Irak, según el CIS". El País (in Spanish). 28 March 2003. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  4. ^ "El voto de castigo dio la victoria al PSOE, según la prensa". El País (in Spanish). 15 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  5. ^ "Zapatero atribuye su victoria a las "ganas de cambio en España" y no al atentado del 11-M". El País (in Spanish). 16 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  6. ^ "El PSOE da el gran vuelco electoral". El País (in Spanish). 15 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  7. ^ "Zapatero vence con casi 11 millones de votos". El País (in Spanish). 15 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  8. ^ "Zapatero, investido presidente del Gobierno con mayoría absoluta". ABC (in Spanish). 16 April 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  9. ^ a b c d "Constitución Española". Constitution of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  10. ^ "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  12. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  13. ^ a b "Real Decreto 100/2004, de 19 de enero, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (17): 2115–2116. 20 January 2004. ISSN 0212-033X.
  14. ^ "Aznar disolverá el Parlamento el día 19 y convocará elecciones para el 14 de marzo". El País (in Spanish). 10 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  15. ^ "Aznar convoca las elecciones y advierte de que sería un riesgo votar al PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 20 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  16. ^ "Chaves pacta con Aznar simultanear el 14 de marzo las elecciones andaluzas y generales". El País (in Spanish). 10 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
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  19. ^ "Grupos parlamentarios". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  20. ^ "La ex ministra Alberdi se va del PSOE tras 5 meses de disputa". Diario de Córdoba (in Spanish). 17 December 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
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  22. ^ "Bellido deja la presidencia de la Comisión de Sanidad". El País (in Spanish). 5 September 2002. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  23. ^ "Rajoy asume el legado de Aznar tras ser ratificado como candidato del PP a La Moncloa". El País (in Spanish). 2 September 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  24. ^ "UV renuncia a sus siglas y Chiquillo irá en la lista del PP al Senado". El País (in Spanish). 29 January 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  25. ^ "Juan José Imbroda candidato indiscutible". Melilla Hoy (in Spanish). 21 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  26. ^ "Zapatero: "Quitaré el poder a los poderosos y haré un país para todos"". El País (in Spanish). 28 October 2002. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  27. ^ "Los Verdes concurrirán con el PSOE a las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 11 January 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  28. ^ "Ciutadans pel Canvi se lamenta de no figurar en las listas del PSC a las generales". El País (in Spanish). 27 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  29. ^ "Duran se afianza como cabeza de lista de CiU en las generales de 2004". El País (in Spanish). 30 November 2001. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  30. ^ "Los partidos arrancan la precampaña como una reválida de las autonómicas". El País (in Spanish). 25 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  31. ^ "IU cierra su etapa de división y reelige a Llamazares con el 76,5% de los votos". El País (in Spanish). 22 December 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  32. ^ a b "PNV y EA concurrirán por separado a los comicios de marzo". El País (in Spanish). 27 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  33. ^ "El sustituto probable de Anasagasti". El País (in Spanish). 16 February 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  34. ^ "Carod-Rovira deja la Generalitat y se mantiene el tripartito en Cataluña" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 28 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  35. ^ "El líder de ERC buscará en las urnas el refrendo a sus gestiones ante ETA". El País (in Spanish). 28 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  36. ^ "Carod desvincula su futuro del resultado de ERC en las elecciones legislativas". El País (in Spanish). 15 February 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  37. ^ "Aralar ve difícil coligarse con EA para las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 15 January 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  38. ^ "Los partidos nacionalistas irán por separado a las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 25 January 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  39. ^ "PNV, EA y Aralar irán juntos a las elecciones generales en Navarra". El País (in Spanish). 24 December 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  40. ^ "Una periodista encabezará la lista nacionalista navarra". El País (in Spanish). 7 January 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  41. ^ "En Navarra sí, en Euskadi no". El País (in Spanish). 25 January 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  42. ^ a b "Obstáculos en la Entesa". El País (in Spanish). 23 January 2004. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  43. ^ "El PSM propone a Nanda Ramon para encabezar la lista al Congreso". Última Hora (in Spanish). 24 December 2003. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  44. ^ "EU propone una lista conjunta de la izquierda para el Senado". El País (in Spanish). 23 October 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  45. ^ "El Bloc propone una plataforma valencianista para las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 27 October 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  46. ^ "Pla estudiará la oferta de EU para ir en una lista conjunta al Senado". El País (in Spanish). 28 October 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  47. ^ "El PP mantiene el lema 'Juntos vamos a más' pese a coincidir con el eslogan de una caja andaluza". El Mundo (in Spanish). 26 February 2004. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  48. ^ "El PSOE presenta su campaña para el 14-M bajo el lema 'Merecemos una España mejor'". El País (in Spanish). 12 February 2004. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  49. ^ "CiU incorporà l'eslògan "Prou de fer mal a Catalunya" com a resposta a l'"afer Carod"" (in Spanish). CCMA. 26 February 2004. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  50. ^ "Duran garantiza que PP y PSOE 'sudarán' por el apoyo de CiU". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 February 2004. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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  58. ^ a b "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  59. ^ a b "Elecciones Generales 14 de marzo de 2004". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
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Bibliography

  • Chari, Raj (November 2004). "The 2004 Spanish Election: Terrorism as a Catalyst for Change?". West European Politics. 27 (5): 954–963. doi:10.1080/0140238042000283247. S2CID 154342689.
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