1933 Sumatra earthquake
| UTC time | 1933-06-24 21:54:49 |
|---|---|
| ISC event | 905657 |
| USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
| Local date | June 25, 1933 |
| Local time | 04:54:49 WIB |
| Magnitude | 7.5–7.7 Ms [1][2] |
| Depth | 20 km (12 mi) |
| Epicenter | 5°11′S 104°50′E / 5.18°S 104.83°E / -5.18; 104.83 |
| Fault | Great Sumatran fault |
| Type | Strike-slip |
| Areas affected | Indonesia |
| Max. intensity | MMI IX (Violent) [3] |
| Aftershocks | Multiple |
| Casualties | 76 to "several thousand" dead [4] |
The 1933 Sumatra earthquake or Liwa earthquake occurred in West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia on June 25. The earthquake had an estimated surface-wave magnitude (Ms ) of 7.7 occurring at a shallow depth of 20 km. It had an epicenter onshore, devastating the city of Liwa. At least 76 people were reported killed, although the death toll may have been in the thousands. Aftershocks followed, including one which was strong enough to cause additional fatalities. The mainshock also triggered a nearby volcanic eruption two weeks later, killing some people.
Tectonic setting
The west coast of Sumatra is dominated by the Sunda megathrust; a 5,500 km[5] long convergent boundary where the Australian Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate and Sunda Plate at a rate of 60 millimetres (2.4 in) per year.[6] Convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, severely deforming the overriding Sunda Plate,[6] where it is accommodated by strike-slip motion along the Great Sumatran fault.[6] The Great Sumatran fault is a 1,900-kilometre (1,200 mi)-long strike-slip fault system located on the island of Sumatra. The fault is divided into about 20 segments.[7] The Great Sumatran fault was the source of the 1994 Liwa and 1995 Kerinci earthquakes. It produced its largest earthquake during the 1943 Alahan Panjang sequence; measuring Ms 7.8.[8] Most recently, a 6.2-magnitude quake struck in 2022.
Earthquake
The earthquake was caused by a strike-slip rupture on southern portion of the Great Sumatran Fault. A study by Hurukawa and others relocated the epicenter to 5°11′S 104°50′E / 5.18°S 104.83°E / -5.18; 104.83 from 5°14′S 104°36′E / 5.23°S 104.60°E / -5.23; 104.60 by the International Seismological Centre.[1] Its epicenter was located between two segments; the Semangko segment located 50 km southeast, and the Kumering 60 km north. Based on the reports of damage, the earthquake ruptured in a northwesterly direction along the Kumering segment for approximately 130 km. The total length of the Kumering segment is 150 km, indicating partial failure on the segment. An average slip of 2.7 meters was estimated.[9] Five moderate aftershocks were recorded, two of which were located 100 and 130 km northwest of the epicenter, respectively. There is a possibility that the fault rupture may have initiated on the northeastern portion of the Semangko segment, and progressed northwest to rupture the Kumering segment. A secondary branch away from the main strand of the Great Sumatran Fault may have also ruptured during the quake. Its epicenter is not far from that of the Mw 6.8 earthquake in 1994.[2] A surface rupture extended to Lake Ranau. No large magnitude 6.0 earthquakes would strike this portion of the Great Sumatran Fault until 1994.[10]
Damage
Major destruction was widespread along an area that stretched from Lake Ranau to Suwoh (approximate length of the Kumering segment rupture[2]). The earthquake had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VIII–IX (Severe–Violent).[3] Many buildings and other human infrastructures in the western portion of southern Sumatra were damaged. Large fissures and ground subsidence were reported; these effects were observed from Kota Agung to Makaka.[4] Damage in Sebarus, a village in Lampung, was so severe that it forced all of its residents to leave. In Pasirah, every home was destroyed and rice fields were ruined. In Liwa and Banding Agung, the quake razed all buildings to the ground. Landslides were widespread, seen in the Barisan Mountains.[11] An aftershock on June 26 caused several fatalities in Bengkulu.[4] The total number of fatalities is not known, possibly several hundred or thousands, although the National Geophysical Data Center earthquake database only attributed 76 deaths with the event.[4] Two weeks after the earthquake, geothermal activity at Suwoh increased, and a series of phreatic eruptions occurred,[12] bringing ash to settlements. The eruption rated 4 on the VEI scale and also caused some deaths.[13]
See also
References
- ^ a b International Seismological Centre. On-line Bulletin. Thatcham, United Kingdom. [Event 905657].
- ^ a b c Hurukawa, Wulandari & Kasahara 2014.
- ^ a b "Katalog Gempabumi Signifikan dan Dirasakan" [Catalog of Significant and Felt Earthquakes]. bmkg.go.id (in Indonesian). Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ a b c d National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
- ^ Sieh 2007.
- ^ a b c Philibosian et al. 2014.
- ^ Natawidjaja et al. 2007.
- ^ ISC-OB Event 899872 [IRIS].
- ^ Rafie et al. 2022.
- ^ Widiwijayanti et al. 1996.
- ^ Ahmad Arif; Agung Setyahadi; Prasetya Eko P; Ingki Rinaldi; Wawan H Prabowo; Rustiono Andri (15 January 2019). "Hidup dan Maut Bertaut Erat di Liwa". Kompas (in Indonesian). Jelajah Kompas. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "Suoh". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
- ^ Sieh & Natawidjaja 2000.
Sources
- Philibosian, Belle; Sieh, Kerry; Avouac, Jean-Philippe; Natawidjaja, Danny H.; Chiang, Hong-Wei; Wu, Chung-Che; Perfettini, Hugo; Shen, Chuan-Chou; Daryono, Mudrik R.; Suwargadi, Bambang W. (2014). "Rupture and variable coupling behavior of the Mentawai segment of the Sunda megathrust during the supercycle culmination of 1797 to 1833". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (9): 7258–7287. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.7258P. doi:10.1002/2014JB011200. hdl:10356/79397.
- Sieh, Kerry (2007). "The Sunda megathrust - Past, present and future" (PDF). Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 1. California Institute of Technology: 1–19. doi:10.1142/S179343110700002X. ISSN 1793-4311. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Natawidjaja, D.H.; Tohari, A.; Subowo, E.; Daryono, M.R. (2007). "Western Sumatra Earthquakes if March 6, 2007" (PDF). EERI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Sieh, Kerry; Natawidjaja, Danny (2000). "Neotectonics of the Sumatran fault, Indonesia" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 105 (B12). American Geophysical Union: 28295–28326. Bibcode:2000JGR...10528295S. doi:10.1029/2000JB900120. hdl:10356/95544. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- Hurukawa, Nobuo; Wulandari, Biana Rahayu; Kasahara, Minoru (2014). "Earthquake History of the Sumatran Fault, Indonesia, since 1892, Derived from Relocation of Large Earthquakes". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 104 (4): 1750–1762. Bibcode:2014BuSSA.104.1750H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.855.946. doi:10.1785/0120130201.
- Widiwijayanti, Christina; Déverchère, Jacques; Louat, Rémy; Sébrier, Michel (1996). "Aftershock sequence of the 1994, Mw 6.8, Liwa Earthquake (Indonesia): Seismic Rupture process in a volcanic arc". Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (21): 3051–3054. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.3051W. doi:10.1029/96GL02048. S2CID 129056643.
- Rafie, Muhammad Taufiq; Sahara, David P.; Cummins, Phil R.; Triyoso, Wahyu; Widiyantoro, Sri (2022). "Stress Accumulation and Earthquake Activity on the Great Sumatran Fault, Indonesia" (PDF). doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1195020/v1. S2CID 245719110.
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External links
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.