1217 – Alexander Neckam, English scholar and theologian, writes De naturis rerum ("On the Nature of Things"), a scientific encyclopedia.[5]
1220 – A new shrine built at Canterbury Cathedral in England to house the remains of St Thomas Becket quickly becomes one of Europe's major places of pilgrimage,[6] and the destination of the fictional pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's set of narrative poems The Canterbury Tales, written about 170 years later.[7]
1226: By August – The biographical poem L'histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, commissioned to commemorate William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1219), a rare example at this time of a life of a lay person, is completed, probably by a Tourangeau layman called John in the southern Welsh Marches.[8]
1240 – Albert of Stade joins the Franciscan order and begins his chronicle.[9]
1251 – The carving is completed of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhistscriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, thought to have been started in 1236.[11]
1258: February 13 – The House of Wisdom in Baghdad is destroyed by forces of the Mongol Empire after the Siege of Baghdad. The waters of the Tigris are said to have run black with ink from the huge quantities of books flung into it, and red from the blood of the philosophers and scientists killed.
1276 – Merton College, Oxford, is first recorded as having a collection of books, making its Library the world's oldest in continuous daily use.[13] During the first century of its existence the books are probably kept in a chest.
^Keith Devlin (2012). The Man of Numbers: Fibonacci's Arithmetic Revolution. Walker Books. ISBN978-0802779083.
^Bradford, Ernle (7 January 2013). The Great Betrayal: The Great Siege of Constantinople. ISBN9781617568008.
^Verkholantsev, Julia (2008). Ruthenica Bohemica. Vienna: Lit Verlag GmbH. p. 70. ISBN978-3-7000-0851-4.
^"Signing of Magna Carta, Runneymede, 1215". Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
^Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 135. ISBN0-304-35730-8.
^John Shannon Hendrix (30 June 2012). The Splendor of English Gothic Architecture. Parkstone International. p. 23. ISBN978-1-78042-891-8.
^Leigh Hatts (28 February 2017). The Pilgrims' Way: To Canterbury from Winchester and London. Cicerone Press Limited. ISBN978-1-78362-460-7.
^Crouch, David (2004). "Marshal, William (I), fourth earl of Pembroke (c.1146–1219)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18126. Retrieved 2013-11-05. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^Shell-Gellasch, Amy (2005). From Calculus to Computers: Using the Last 200 Years of Mathematics History in the Classroom. Mathematical Association of America. p. 110. ISBN0-88385-178-4.
^Guillaume de Puylaurens (2003). The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. Boydell Press. p. 23. ISBN978-0-85115-925-6.
^The International Buddhist Forum Quarterly. International Buddhist Forum Foundation. 1977. p. 15.
^Dante Alighieri (1893). Divine Comedy, Consisting of the Inferno - Purgatorio & Paradiso. S. Sonnenschein. p. 12.
^"Library & Archives – History". Oxford: Merton College. Archived from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
^Stam, David H. (January 2001). International Dictionary of Library Histories. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 880–. ISBN978-1-57958-244-9.
^"The Divine Comedy". Britannica. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
^Íslenzk fræði. Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjósðs. 1937. p. 20.
^The Nibelungenlied: The Lay of the Nibelungs. Oxford University Press. 2010. p. xi. ISBN978-0-19-923854-5.
^Wada, Yoko (2010). A Companion to Ancrene Wisse. Cambridge, UK: D.S. Brewer. p. 1. ISBN978-1-84384-243-9.
^Beeman, William O. (1986). Language, Status and Power in Iran. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 43. ISBN0-253-33139-0.
^Black, Fiona C. (2006). The Recycled Bible: Autobiography, Culture, and the Space Between. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. p. 138. ISBN978-1-58983-146-9.
^Brand, Peter; Pertile, Lino, eds. (1999). "2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi". The Cambridge History of Italian Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN978-0-52166622-0. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 79–81. ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Magill, Frank Northen (1958). Masterplots Cyclopedia of World Authors. Salem Press. p. 40.
^"Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs". University of Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 1 July 2017.